https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.2307%2F3343168.pdf

Development as Freedom

A Treatise on the Family. G. S. Becker. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1981. Gary Becker is one of the most famous and influential economists of the second half of the 20th century, a fervent contributor to and expounder of the University of Chicago free-market philosophy, and winner of the 1992 Nobel Prize in economics. Although any book with the word "treatise" in its title is clearly intended to have an impact, one coming from someone as brilliant and controversial as Becker certainly had such a lofty goal. It has received many article-length reviews in several disciplines (Ben-Porath, 1982; Bergmann, 1995; Foster, 1993; Hannan, 1982), which is one measure of its scholarly importance, and yet its impact is, I think, less than it may have initially appeared, especially for scholars with substantive interests in the family. This book is, its title notwithstanding, more about economics and the economic approach to behavior than about the family. In the first sentence of the preface, Becker writes "In this book, I develop an economic or rational choice approach to the family." Lest anyone accuse him of focusing on traditional (i.e., material) economics topics, such as family income, poverty, and labor supply, he immediately emphasizes that those topics are not his focus. "My intent is more ambitious: to analyze marriage, births, divorce, division of labor in households, prestige, and other non-material behavior with the tools and framework developed for material behavior." Indeed, the book includes chapters on many of these issues. One chapter examines the principles of the efficient division of labor in households, three analyze marriage and divorce, three analyze various child-related issues (fertility and intergenerational mobility), and others focus on broader family issues, such as intrafamily resource allocation. His analysis is not, he believes, constrained by time or place. His intention is "to present a comprehensive analysis that is applicable, at least in part, to families in the past as well as the present, in primitive as well as modern societies, and in Eastern as well as Western cultures." His tone is profoundly conservative and utterly skeptical of any constructive role for government programs. There is a clear sense of how much better things were in the old days of a genderbased division of labor and low market-work rates for married women. Indeed, Becker is ready and able to show in Chapter 2 that such a state of affairs was efficient and induced not by market or societal discrimination (although he allows that it might exist) but by small underlying household productivity differences that arise primarily from what he refers to as "complementarities" between caring for young children while carrying another to term. Most family scholars would probably find that an unconvincingly simple explanation for a profound and complex phenomenon. What, then, is the salient contribution of Treatise on the Family? It is not literally the idea that economics could be applied to the nonmarket sector and to family life because Becker had already established that with considerable success and influence. At its core, microeconomics is simple, characterized by a belief in the importance of prices and markets, the role of self-interested or rational behavior, and, somewhat less centrally, the stability of preferences. It was Becker's singular and invaluable contribution to appreciate that the behaviors potentially amenable to the economic approach were not limited to phenomenon with explicit monetary prices and formal markets. Indeed, during the late 1950s and throughout the 1960s, he did undeniably important and pioneering work extending the domain of economics to such topics as labor market discrimination, fertility, crime, human capital, household production, and the allocation of time. Nor is Becker's contribution the detailed analyses themselves. Many of them are, frankly, odd, idiosyncratic, and off-putting. …

A Treatise on the Family

Cet article presente les theses principales de l'ouvrage que l'A. a consacre a la question sociale. Une cause principale de la crise sociale actuelle est, selon lui, l'effritement du salariat a travers les dereglementations telles que la flexibilite. Il estime que les mesures sociales telles que le RMI font l'economie d'une reflexion sur les causes de l'exclusion et il redoute un « neopaternalisme » . Pour lui, la sociologie a a voir avec le « cours historique » du monde. Il exprime ce point de vue notamment en critiquant les ambiguites des politiques sociales : comment construire une societe dans la duree avec des gens qui perdent les attributs de la citoyennete, en particulier ceux qui etaient fondes sur le travail protege ?

Autour du livre. Les métamorphoses de la question sociale

This final chapter of this book titled The Atlas of European Values: Trends and Traditions at the turn of the Century, which summarizes the values, beliefs, opinions, and attitudes of Europeans on a wide range of topics in nearly 200 informative graphs, charts, and maps. These images are based on survey data conducted within the framework of the European Values Study (EVS), a large-scale, cross-national, and longitudinal survey research program on basic human values. The chapter presents a list of members of The EVS Council of program directors, Board of the EVS Foundation, The EVS Executive Committee, The EVS Theory Group, and The EVS Methodology Group. Keywords: European values study (EVS), EVS executive committee

About the European Values Study

Purpose - Based on generational theory, this research studies the preferences of French young graduates from Generation Y for job and organizational attributes of a future employer. This paper contrbutes to the debate on the inter - versus intragenerational differences and discusses the common stereotype of an intragroup homogeneity within the Generation Y. Design/methodology/approach - Reviewing generation and job search literature, we update graduates' preferences for job and organizational attributes in their initial job search by using conjoint analysis, a rarely used methodology in HRM. To test the intragroup homogeneity and to overcome methodological difficulties inherent in examining differences within a generational cohort, we operationalized a homogeneous sample (N=592) composed of people of the same age, career stage, cohort and nationality. Findings - We demonstrate that, even if on the whole young graduates from Generation Y prefer job security and a relaxed work atmosphere, their preferences are heterogeneous. Research limitations/implications - This research leads to discuss the relevance of the concept of Generation Y for recruitment. Additional research is needed to improve the external validity of this study which must be reproduced in other contexts and with different populations. Practical implications - The results provide useful information to assist HR managers and recruitment specialists in improving the efficiency of the recruitment process and in considering the relevant segmentation criteria for recruitment. Originality/value - Using an original methodology, conjoint analysis, this paper focuses on the heterogeneity of Generation Y and its consequences in terms of HRM.

On the heterogeneity of Generation Y job preferences

While policy-makers in many jurisdictions are paying increasing attention to health workforce issues, human resources remain at best only partially aligned with population health needs. This paper explores the governance of human resources during the pandemic, looking at the Quebec health system as a revelatory case. We identify three issues related to health human resource (HHR) policies: working conditions, recognition at work and scope of practice. We empirically probe these issues based on an analysis of popular media, policy reports and participant observation by the lead authors in various forums and research projects. Using an integrated model of HHR, we identify major vulnerabilities in this domain. Persistent labour shortages, endemic deficiencies in working environments and inequity across occupational categories limit the ability to address critical HHR issues. We propose three ways to eliminate HHR vulnerabilities: reorganize work through participatory initiatives, implement joint policy making to rebalance power across the health workforce, and invest in the development of capacities at all system levels.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/hpm.3129

Global health and innovation: A panoramic view on health human resources in the COVID-19 pandemic context.

Cet article examine les modalites d’entree dans l’âge adulte de deux cohortes de jeunes quebecois, nes entre 1942 et 1951 (generation lyrique) et entre 1962-71 (generation X). Examinant l’effet net de la precarisation du marche du travail a partir des donnees retrospectives de l’Enquete sociale generale de 2001, il tente plus specifiquement de savoir jusqu’a quel point les mutations economiques des annees 1980-90 permettent d’expliquer le phenomene d’allongement de la jeunesse et de la desynchronisation des parcours de vie. L’analyse montre qu’en definitive, la precarisation de l’emploi semble assez peu liee a ces mutations des parcours de vie, celles-ci semblant davantage s’expliquer par des transformations de nature non-economique tels que l’allongement des etudes et le changement de valeurs.

/pdf/allongement-de-la-jeunesse-et-precarisation-de-l-emploi-un-477acy85xh.pdf

Allongement de la jeunesse et précarisation de l’emploi : un lien de causalité ?

Cet article emprunte la perspective des parcours de vie pour montrer comment les solidarites intergenerationnelles peuvent contribuer a accroitre les inegalites socio-economiques. Prenant le cas des immigrants portugais du Luxembourg, il montre que les contraintes heritees du passe, la multiplicite des roles familiaux exerces, la bilocalisation des solidarites et l’interdependance des vies individuelles engendrent des pratiques de solidarite financiere particulieres et contribuent a accroitre les inegalites. Cette demonstration debouche sur une discussion a propos de la pertinence de la perspective des parcours de vie dans les discussions entourant les reformes des Etats-providence dans un contexte de vieillissement demographique et d’harmonisation des systemes de securite sociale et des obligations familiales au sein de l’Union europeenne.

/pdf/les-solidarites-intergenerationnelles-dans-une-perspective-4wjzbpirpz.pdf

Les solidarités intergénérationnelles dans une perspective des parcours de vie : Le cas des immigrants portugais du Luxembourg

Welfare regime types are classified according to the role played by three main institutions, namely the market, the state and the family. They can be reinterpreted as systems of exchanges for providing resources based on the main principles of liberty, equality and solidarity. Depending on the different possible dialectical relations between these three principles, they lead to different social cohesion regimes. This paper is the first attempt to empirically test this hypothesis at a European level by elaborating a measure of social cohesion based on values and creating a typology of social cohesion regimes. In comparison to welfare regimes, it invites to go one step further by considering the articulation between the three main principles and proposes a more precise classification for countries. The results invite further research on the links between welfare and social cohesion regimes. The analysis is based on data from the 2008 European Values Study (EVS) in 43 countries using principal compon...

/pdf/welfare-regimes-and-social-cohesion-regimes-do-they-express-4opg2zmd1b.pdf

Welfare regimes and social cohesion regimes: do they express the same values?

Ce document de travail, explore les relations entre les variables sociodemographiques et les indicateurs composites de cohesion sociale developpes dans le cadre du projet VALCOS. Nous cherchons a savoir dans quelle mesure la cohesion sociale depend des variables sociodemographiques exogenes que sont l?âge, le genre, le fait d?avoir ou non des enfants, la composition du menage, la nationalite, la religion, le niveau d?etudes, le statut socio-economique et le statut d?activite (et d?emploi). Les methodes utilisees sont les analyses bivariees, multivariees et l?analyse des correspondances multiples. Nos resultats montrent que les differences entre les indicateurs composites de cohesion sociale de 1999 et 2008 sont minimes, des lors qu?on les confronte a l?influence des variables exogenes. Seuls les scores relatifs a la confiance institutionnelle et aux relations sociales ont augmente legerement de 1999 a 2008. Les attitudes sont principalement dependantes de l?âge, alors que les comportements sont expliques par le statut social, mais aussi par l?âge, le genre, la nationalite et le statut professionnel.

Cohésion sociale et Variables exogènes

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