https://www.kidney-international.org/article/S0085-2538(15)47851-2/pdf

Risk factors and mortality associated with calciphylaxis in end-stage renal disease

https://www.kidney-international.org/article/S0085-2538(15)31229-1/pdf

Nature of soft tissue calcification in uremia

This article reviews the neurophysiology of pruritus and presents evidence that itch is a separate modality from pain, rather than a submodality of pain. The numerous suggested pruritogens are reviewed, and evidence supporting each one is critically examined. The systemic causes of generalized pruritus are reviewed, with detailed review of the literature on uremic pruritus, cholestatic pruritus, and the pruritus associated with polycythemia vera. The specific treatments used for each of these conditions are reviewed, as well as the use of antihistamines in generalized pruritus. An approach to the workup of a patient with pruritus is suggested.

https://www.jaad.org/article/S0190-9622(86)70047-9/pdf

A review of pruritus.

Background. Although a close relationship between uraemic pruritus and serum calcium levels has been demonstrated for some time, the degree of pruritus was not always correlated with calcium concentrations. In the present study, we assessed calcium ion distribution in the skin of chronic haemodialysis patients with and without pruritus. Methods. We excluded patients with concomitant psoriasis or atopic dermatitis or with a previous history of allergy, those who had an arteriovenous fistula created prior to induction of haemodialysis, and patients with only mild pruritus. From the enrolled 22 haemodialysis patients, we obtained forearm skin samples during arteriovenous fistula surgery. These patients were divided into two groups based their grade of pruritus. The pruritus group included patients with moderate to severe grades of pruritus (n ¼ 11, age 64 ±13 years) and the non-pruritus group consisted of patients without pruritus (n ¼ 11, age 59 ±13 years). We compared the distribution of calcium ions in the epidermis between the two groups using the ion-capture method (oxalate-pyroantimonate-osmium technique). In addition, we examined and compared the groups for thicknesses of the basal, spinous and granular layers, as well as of the stratum corneum using an electron microscope. Results. The pruritus group had significantly higher calcium ion deposition in the extracellular fluid and cytoplasm of basal cells, and in the extracellular fluid, nuclei and cytoplasm of spinous cells compared with the non-pruritus group. In contrast, calcium ion depositions were similar between the two groups in the dermis/basal layer interface, the nucleus of basal cells, the nucleus and cytoplasm of granular cells, exterior of granular cells, the granular cells/stratum corneum interface, and in the interior and exterior of corneocytes. Although the stratum corneum was significantly thicker in the pruritus group than in the non-pruritus group, there were no differences in basal cell, spinal cell or granular cell layer thicknesses. Conclusion. In chronic haemodialysis patients with pruritis, the calcium ion concentration in the deepest layer of the epidermis was increased, which indicated a disrupted calcium ion gradient in the skin. These findings point to a role for increased skin calcium ion concentrations in the development and/or maintenance of uraemic pruritus. However, more extensive studies in larger patient cohorts will be necessary to confirm this hypothesis.

Calcium ions are abnormally distributed in the skin of haemodialysis patients with uraemic pruritus.

The evolving pattern of calciphylaxis: therapeutic considerations.

The effect of calcemic disorders and uremia on the mineral content of skin.

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The effect of calcemic disorders and uremia on the mineral content of skin.