The disposal of dye-contaminated wastewater is a major concern around the world for which a variety of techniques are used for its treatment. The photocatalytic treatment of dye-contaminated wastewater is one of the treatment methods. Semiconductor-assisted photocatalytic treatment of dye-contaminated wastewater has gained pronounced attention recently. This review outlines the recent advancements in the photocatalytic treatment of dye-contaminated wastewater. The photocatalytic degradation of dyes follows three types of mechanisms: (1) dye sensitization through charge injection, (2) indirect dye degradation through oxidation/reduction, and (3) direct photolysis of dye. Several experimental parameters like initial concentration of dyes, pH, and catalyst dosage significantly affect the photocatalytic degradation of dyes. The photocatalytic materials can be categorized into three generations. The single-component (e.g., ZnO, TiO2) and multiple component semiconductor metal oxides (e.g., ZnO–TiO2, Bi2O3–ZnO) are categorized as first-generation and second-generation photocatalysts, respectively. The photocatalysts dispersed on an inert solid substrate (e.g., Ag–Al2O3, ZnO–C) are classified as third-generation photocatalysts. Finally, we reviewed the challenges that affect the photocatalytic degradation of dyes.

Photocatalysis: an effective tool for photodegradation of dyes—a review

Recent intensification strategies of SnO2-based photocatalysts: A review

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3 N4 ) is a kind of ideal metal-free photocatalysts for artificial photosynthesis. At present, pristine g-C3 N4 suffers from small specific surface area, poor light absorption at longer wavelengths, low charge migration rate, and a high recombination rate of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, which significantly limit its performance. Among a myriad of modification strategies, point-defect engineering, namely tunable vacancies and dopant introduction, is capable of harnessing the superb structural, textural, optical, and electronic properties of g-C3 N4 to acquire an ameliorated photocatalytic activity. In view of the burgeoning development in this pacey field, a timely review on the state-of-the-art advancement of point-defect engineering of g-C3 N4 is of vital significance to advance the solar energy conversion. Particularly, insights into the intriguing roles of point defects, the synthesis, characterizations, and the systematic control of point defects, as well as the versatile application of defective g-C3 N4 -based nanomaterials toward photocatalytic water splitting, carbon dioxide reduction and nitrogen fixation will be presented in detail. Lastly, this review will conclude with a balanced perspective on the technical and scientific hindrances and future prospects. Overall, it is envisioned that this review will open a new frontier to uncover novel functionalities of defective g-C3 N4 -based nanostructures in energy catalysis.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/smll.202170252

Point‐Defect Engineering: Leveraging Imperfections in Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g‐C 3 N 4 ) Photocatalysts toward Artificial Photosynthesis

Hollow hierarchical BiOCl (BOC) assembled by nanosheets with highly exposed (001) facet is synthesized via a gas-bubble-template strategy. The as-synthesized BOC is further modified by thermal treatment in N2 to in-situ introduce oxygen vacancies (OVs) and metallic bismuth (Bi0) nanoparticles from the BOC lattice (Bi0/OVs-BOC). Thermal treatment in N2 enables an intimate contact between OVs-BOC and Bi0 nanoparticles, which is conducive to the transfer of photogenerated charge carriers. In CO2 photoreduction test, the Bi0/OVs-BOCs exhibit almost 100 % selectivity towards CO, and some of the samples also have a significant increase in yield. For instance, BOC-250 shows about 24.82 μmol∙g–1 h–1 CO2-to−CO photoreduction efficiency which is nearly four times higher than that of the BOC with high stability. It is found that suitable energy band structure and desirable intrinsic carrier mobility account for the substantial enhancement of CO2-to−CO photoreduction activity due to the in-situ introduction of OVs and Bi0 nanoparticles. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations unveil that the decreased reaction energy, the weakened adsorption energy for CO, and suitable adsorption energy for H and OH of Bi0/OVs-BOC lead to high selectivity. This work sheds light on the synergistic effect of in-situ formed OVs and metal nanoparticles on enhancing the photocatalytic activity and selectivity of solar energy materials.

Synergistically boosting highly selective CO2–to–CO photoreduction over BiOCl nanosheets via in-situ formation of surface defects and non-precious metal nanoparticles

Mo-O-Bi Bonds as interfacial electron transport bridges to fuel CO2 photoreduction via in-situ reconstruction of black Bi2MoO6/BiO2-x heterojunction

Performance enhancement strategies of bi-based photocatalysts: A review on recent progress

The invention provides a preparation method for synthesizing a SnO2/2D g-C3N4 composite photocatalyst through an electrostatic self-assembly process, belonging to the field of photocatalysis. The preparation method comprises the following steps: carrying out thermal oxidation stripping on bulk phase g-C3N4 in an air atmosphere at a calcination temperature of 450-550 DEG C for 4-12 h to obtain 2D g-C3N4; and ultrasonically dispersing 2D g-C3N4 into an ethanol solution, adding nanoscale SnO2, carrying out stirring for 10-14 h, and performing electrostatic self-assembling to obtain the SnO2/2D g-C3N4 composite photocatalyst. In the method, spherical SnO2 is spontaneously assembled on the surface of 2D g-C3N4 through electrostatic attraction to form a heterojunction structure, and the preparedcomposite photocatalyst has the characteristics of high charge separation and high photocatalytic activity, and can quickly degrade organic pollutants under visible light.

Preparation method for synthesizing SnO2/2D g-C3N4 composite photocatalyst through electrostatic self-assembly process

The invention discloses a BiVO4/protonated g-C3N4/AgI ternary composite photocatalyst and a preparation method thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps: respectively preparing BiVO4 and protonated g-C3N4 by virtue of a hydrothermal method and a calcining method, then preparing a BiVO4/protonated g-C3N4 composite material by virtue of an electrostatic self-assembly method, andfurther preparing the BiVO4/protonated g-C3N4/AgI ternary composite photocatalyst by virtue of an in-situ precipitation method. The ternary composite photocatalyst prepared by the invention can be used for rapidly separating photo-induced electrons and holes, the service life of photoelectrons is prolonged, the photogenerated electron hole recombination rate is reduced, the response to visible light is good, the degradation rate of a rhodamine B solution can reach 94.7% after the catalytic reaction is performed for 60 minutes, and the composite photocatalyst can be used for degrading water pollutant organic dyestuff under the visible light, and has important significance for environmental governance.

BiVO4/protonated g-C3N4/AgI ternary composite photocatalyst and preparation method thereof

Synthesis of 0D SnO2 nanoparticles/2D g-C3N4 nanosheets heterojunction: improved charge transfer and separation for visible-light photocatalytic performance

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