Boosted by the success of high-entropy alloys (HEAs) manufactured by conventional processes in various applications, the development of HEAs for 3D printing has been advancing rapidly in recent years. 3D printing of HEAs gives rise to a great potential for manufacturing geometrically complex HEA products with desirable performances, thereby inspiring their increased appearance in industrial applications. Herein, a comprehensive review of the recent achievements of 3D printing of HEAs is provided, in the aspects of their powder development, printing processes, microstructures, properties, and potential applications. It begins with the introduction of the fundamentals of 3D printing and HEAs, as well as the unique properties of 3D-printed HEA products. The processes for the development of HEA powders, including atomization and mechanical alloying, and the powder properties, are then presented. Thereafter, typical processes for printing HEA products from powders, namely, directed energy deposition, selective laser melting, and electron beam melting, are discussed with regard to the phases, crystal features, mechanical properties, functionalities, and potential applications of these products (particularly in the aerospace, energy, molding, and tooling industries). Finally, perspectives are outlined to provide guidance for future research.

Recent Advances on High‐Entropy Alloys for 3D Printing

Aerosol processing is long known and implemented industrially to obtain various types of divided materials and nanomaterials. The atomisation of a liquid solution or suspension produces a mist of aerosol droplets which can then be transformed via a diversity of processes including spray-drying, spray pyrolysis, flame spray pyrolysis, thermal decomposition, micronisation, gas atomisation, etc. The attractive technical features of these aerosol processes make them highly interesting for the continuous, large scale, and tailored production of heterogeneous catalysts. Indeed, during aerosol processing, each liquid droplet undergoes well-controlled physical and chemical transformations, allowing for example to dry and aggregate pre-existing solid particles or to synthesise new micro- or nanoparticles from mixtures of molecular or colloidal precursors. In the last two decades, more advanced reactive aerosol processes have emerged as innovative means to synthesise tailored-made nanomaterials with tunable surface properties, textures, compositions, etc. In particular, the “aerosol-assisted sol–gel” process (AASG) has demonstrated tremendous potential for the preparation of high-performance heterogeneous catalysts. The method is mainly based on the low-cost, scalable, and environmentally benign sol–gel chemistry process, often coupled with the evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA) concept. It allows producing micronic or submicronic, inorganic or hybrid organic–inorganic particles bearing tuneable and calibrated porous structures at different scales. In addition, pre-formed nanoparticles can be easily incorporated or formed in a “one-pot” bottom-up approach within the porous inorganic or hybrid spheres produced by such spray drying method. Thus, multifunctional catalysts with tailored catalytic activities can be prepared in a relatively simple way. This account is an overview of aerosol processed heterogeneous catalysts which demonstrated interesting performance in various relevant chemical reactions like isomerisation, hydrogenation, olefin metathesis, pollutant total oxidation, selective oxidation, CO2 methanation, etc. A short survey of patents and industrial applications is also presented. Our objective is to demonstrate the tremendous possibilities offered by the coupling between bottom up synthesis routes and these aerosol processing technologies which will most probably represent a major route of innovation in the mushrooming field of catalyst preparation research.

Aerosol processing: a wind of innovation in the field of advanced heterogeneous catalysts

Selective laser melting (SLM) was used to fabricate copper samples under various processing parameters. The influence of laser linear energy density on the microstructures and mechanical properties of the SLM copper samples were investigated theoretically and experimentally. Based on the results, the optimal linear energy density that can result in the best relative density (99.10 ± 0.5%) and surface roughness (Ra = 12.72 ± 4.54 μm) was determined to be 0.50 J/mm which corresponds to the laser power and scanning speed of 200 W and 400 mm/s, 300 W and 600 mm/s, respectively. Under the optimal processing conditions, the microhardness and strength (i.e., yield strength and ultimate tensile strength) of the copper sample achieved the highest value. In addition, it is also found that the microstructure of the SLM pure copper samples was characterized by polycrystalline grains with columnar dendrites and equiaxed structures dispersed inside. The grain size showed a decreasing trend as linear energy density increased due to the improved intrinsic heat treatment effect. The paper proves that nearly full dense copper with desirable mechanical properties can be fabricated through SLM.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of pure copper manufactured by selective laser melting

Formation of transition layer and its effect on mechanical properties of AlCoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy/Al composites

Selective laser melting (SLM) of CX stainless steel: Theoretical calculation, process optimization and strengthening mechanism

Characteristics of 7055Al alloy powders manufactured by gas-solid two-phase atomization: A comparison with gas atomization process

Microstructure and mechanical properties of particle reinforced metal matrix composites prepared by gas-solid two-phase atomization and deposition technology

Microstructure and mechanical properties of low-pressure spray-formed Zn-rich aluminum alloy

This paper carries out a preliminary study for the elastic properties of single walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) thin film. The SWCNT thin films (~250 nm) are prepared by a simple and cost effective method of spin-coating technology. Nanoindentation test with a Berkovich indenter is used to determine the hardness and elastic modulus of the SWCNT thin film. It is important to note that the elastic properties of SWCNT film are indirectly derived from the information of load and displacement of the indenter under certain assumptions, deviation of the ‘test value’ is inevitable. In this regard, uncertainty analysis is an effective process in guarantying the validity of the material properties. This paper carries out uncertainty estimation for the tested elastic properties of SWCNT film by nanoindentation. Experimental results and uncertainty analysis indicates that nanoindentation test could be an effective and reliable method in determine the elastic properties of SWCNT thin film. Moreover, the obtained values of hardness and elastic modulus can further benefit the design of SWCNT thin film based components.

/pdf/elastic-properties-of-single-walled-carbon-nanotube-thin-1cipxbapdu.pdf

Elastic properties of single-walled carbon nanotube thin film by nanoindentation test.

Effect of Dislocation Magnification and Solute Atoms Concentration Variation on the Electroplastic Effect of 2024 Aluminum Alloy

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