The degree of knowledge of the mechanisms operating in chemical vapor generation (CVG) by aqueous boranes (MBH4, R3N·BH3, M = Na, K and R = H, alkyl) for trace element determination by atomic or mass spectrometry, have been reviewed in the light of the most recent evidence. The attention has been mainly focused on the role played by sample composition – acidity, type of acid or buffer and chemical additives – in the control of the mechanism of CVG of volatile hydrides (Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Se, Te, Hg and Cd) under analytical conditions (analyte < 10−6 mol L−1, borane ≥ 10−2 mol L−1) in the absence of interfering species. The available evidence is reported in order to discuss the role played in CVG by some key chemical species, among them the hydrolysis products of borane reagents. Particular emphasis was given to those mechanistic aspects of the chemistry of aqueous boranes that have been clarified thanks to the contribution of CVG coupled with atomic or mass spectrometry, to those that are still controversial and that could stimulate further studies to understand the reactivity of aqueous boranes also for their applications other than CVG.

/pdf/the-contribution-of-chemical-vapor-generation-coupled-with-53xf0w5vx3.pdf

The contribution of chemical vapor generation coupled with atomic or mass spectrometry to the comprehension of the chemistry of aqueous boranes

A novel, green, and rapid natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES)-based ultrasonic-assisted microextraction procedure (UAME) was developed for extraction of arsenic (As) and selenium (Se) from rice samples prior to their determination by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HG-AAS). Microwave digestion was used in rice sample preparation. The preparation of NADESs was simple and inexpensive. The recommended method was based on the extraction of the ion pair complexes of As(III) and Se(IV) by celestin blue at pH 6.5 to the NADES phase by the ultrasonic effect. The parameters (NADES type and volume, ultrasonic conditions, pH, amount of complexing agent, interference effect) affecting the extraction were studied and optimized in detail. Under optimized conditions, the linear range, detection limit, and sensitivity improvement factor for Se(IV) was 10–450 ng L−1, 3.0 ng L−1 and 84, respectively, while the same analytical parameters for As(III) were 5–330 ng L−1, 1.7 ng L−1 and 97, respectively. The validity of the recommended method was evaluated with the analysis of standard reference materials (SRMs) and recovery experiments. After reduction using a mixture of ascorbic acid and potassium iodide, the recommended method was applied for determination of total inorganic As and Se in rice samples.

Developing a new and simple natural deep eutectic solvent based ultrasonic-assisted microextraction procedure for determination and preconcentration of As and Se from rice samples

Seaweeds, or sea vegetables, are popularly consumed for their nutritional qualities and have been shown to have numerous health benefits to consumers being rich in a host of vitamins and minerals. A wide range of brown, red and green seaweeds are consumed globally with around 145 species known to be directly consumed by humans worldwide. It has been reported that several popularly consumed seaweed species, including Laminaria digitata, Alaria esculenta, and Hizikia fusiforme, possess the ability to accumulate elevated quantities of arsenic (As) in their tissues. Some studies have highlighted concerns relating to consumption of certain seaweed species due to their As content. The ability of seaweed to bioaccumulate high levels of As raises some concerns regarding their safety. There is evidence that elevated levels of As known in some particular species have the potential for biomagnification through successive marine food chains and ultimately onto higher trophic levels. This presents highly pertinent questions regarding the safety of seaweed consumption and its potential to contribute to increased dietary intake of As. New classes of As metabolites such as thiolated arsenicals are yet to be fully elucidated in terms of toxicity, but it is thought that these particular species may play an important role in As metabolism and toxicity. Similarly, much is yet to be fully understood regarding the formation pathway of methylated As and AsSug. This review highlights the presence and speciation of arsenic in a variety of macroalgal food and associated products.

Arsenic speciation in a variety of seaweeds and associated food products

The applicability of the hydride generation (HG) sample introduction technique combined with different spectrochemical detection methods for non-chromatographic speciation of toxic As species, i.e., As(III), As(V), dimethylarsinate (DMA) and monomethylarsonate (MMA), in waters and other environmental, food and biological matrices is presented as a promising tool to speciate As by obviating chromatographic separation. Different non-chromatographic procedures along with speciation protocols reported in the literature over the past 20 year are summarized. Basic rules ensuring species selective generation of the corresponding hydrides are presented in detail. Common strategies and alternative approaches are highlighted. Aspects of proper sample preparation before analysis and the selection of adequate strategies for speciation purposes are emphasized.

https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/25/21/4944/pdf

Non-chromatographic Speciation of As by HG Technique-Analysis of Samples with Different Matrices.

Progress of environmental sample preparation for elemental analysis.

Determination of inorganic arsenic in algae using bromine halogenation and on-line nonpolar solid phase extraction followed by hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry

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Determination of inorganic arsenic in algae using bromine halogenation and on-line nonpolar solid phase extraction followed by hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry