Recent developments in phase change materials for energy storage applications: A review

Spatial confinement in nanoporous media affects the structure, thermodynamics and mobility of molecular soft matter often markedly. This article reviews thermodynamic equilibrium phenomena, such as physisorption, capillary condensation, crystallisation, self-diffusion, and structural phase transitions as well as selected aspects of the emerging field of spatially confined, non-equilibrium physics, i.e. the rheology of liquids, capillarity-driven flow phenomena, and imbibition front broadening in nanoporous materials. The observations in the nanoscale systems are related to the corresponding bulk phenomenologies. The complexity of the confined molecular species is varied from simple building blocks, like noble gas atoms, normal alkanes and alcohols to liquid crystals, polymers, ionic liquids, proteins and water. Mostly, experiments with mesoporous solids of alumina, gold, carbon, silica, and silicon with pore diameters ranging from a few up to 50 nm are presented. The observed peculiarities of nanopore-confined condensed matter are also discussed with regard to applications. A particular emphasis is put on texture formation upon crystallisation in nanoporous media, a topic both of high fundamental interest and of increasing nanotechnological importance, e.g. for the synthesis of organic/inorganic hybrid materials by melt infiltration, the usage of nanoporous solids in crystal nucleation or in template-assisted electrochemical deposition of nano structures.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0953-8984/27/10/103102/pdf

Soft matter in hard confinement: phase transition thermodynamics, structure, texture, diffusion and flow in nanoporous media

Spatial confinement in nanoporous media affects the structure, thermodynamics and mobility of molecular soft matter often markedly. This article reviews thermodynamic equilibrium phenomena, such as physisorption, capillary condensation, crystallisation, self-diffusion, and structural phase transitions as well as selected aspects of the emerging field of spatially confined, non-equilibrium physics, i.e. the rheology of liquids, capillarity-driven flow phenomena, and imbibition front broadening in nanoporous materials. The observations in the nanoscale systems are related to the corresponding bulk phenomenologies. The complexity of the confined molecular species is varied from simple building blocks, like noble gas atoms, normal alkanes and alcohols to liquid crystals, polymers, ionic liquids, proteins and water. Mostly, experiments with mesoporous solids of alumina, carbon, gold, silica, and silicon having pore diameters ranging from a few up to 50 nanometers are presented. The observed peculiarities of nanopore-confined condensed matter are also discussed with regard to applications. A particular emphasis is put on texture formation upon crystallisation in nanoporous media, a topic both of high fundamental interest and of increasing nanotechnological importance, e.g., for the synthesis of organic/inorganic hybrid materials by melt infiltration, the usage of nanoporous solids in crystal nucleation or in template-assisted electrochemical deposition of nano structures.

Soft matter in hard confinement: phase transition thermodynamics, structure, texture, diffusion and flow in nanoporous media - topical review

Thermal energy harvesting technologies based on composite phase change materials (PCMs) are capable of harvesting tremendous amounts of thermal energy via isothermal phase transitions, thus showing enormous potential in the design of state-of-the-art renewable energy infrastructure. Great progress has been recently made in terms of enhancing the thermal energy storage capability, transfer rate, conversion efficiency and utilization of composite PCMs. Although there are some recent reviews on composite PCMs, they are mainly concentrated on the thermal transfer enhancement and conventional utilization of PCMs. There are few systematic reviews concerning optimization strategies of PCM for thermal energy conversion. In particular, advanced multifunctional utilization of PCMs is still in its infancy. Herein, we systematically summarize the optimization strategies and mechanisms of recently reported composite PCMs for thermal energy storage, thermal transfer, energy conversion (solar-to-thermal, electro-to-thermal and magnetic-to-thermal conversion) and advanced utilization (fluorescence emission, infrared stealth technologies, drug release systems, thermotherapy and thermal protection), including some novel supporting materials (BN nanosheets and metal organic frameworks (MOFs)). Simultaneously, we provide in-depth and constructive insights into the correlations between the structural optimization strategies and thermal performances of composite PCMs. Finally, future research trends, alternative strategies and prospects are also highlighted according to up-to-date optimization strategies.

Optimization strategies of composite phase change materials for thermal energy storage, transfer, conversion and utilization

A review on capillary condensation in nanoporous media: Implications for hydrocarbon recovery from tight reservoirs

Tuning Thermal Properties of Latent Heat Storage Material through Confinement in Porous Media: The Case of (1-CnH2n+1NH3)2ZnCl4 (N=10 and 12)

Solid-solid phase transition of (1-C14H29NH3)2ZnCl4 in nanopores of silica gel for thermal energy storage

Solid–liquid phase behaviors of the hexadecane–octadecane (n-C16H34–C18H38, C16–C18) system in the bulk, and confined in controlled porous glass (CPG) are investigated using differential scanning calorimetry and temperature-dependent powder X-ray diffraction. Bulk C16–C18 mixtures show the special rotator phase RI, and two intermediate phases with monoclinic (Mdcp) and orthorhombic (Op) structures. Inside CPG (8.1 and 300 nm), the RI and Op phases could be found in wider compositions of the solid mixtures than the bulk, however the Mdcp form was not observed. Unexpectedly, under the confinement of CPG (8.1 nm) not only the rotator RI appeared in the two pure components, C16 and C18, but a rotator phase RII occurred in the pure C18 and most of the mixtures upon heating. These new phase behaviors of the confined alkanes could be attributed to the size effect and the interface interactions. According to XRD analysis, in the small pores of CPG (8.1 nm) the alkane molecules effectively take the 2D arrangements...

Size-Dependent Phase Behavior of the Hexadecane–Octadecane System Confined in Nanoporous Glass

Phase transition of neopentyl glycol in nanopores for thermal energy storage

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Papers

Tuning Thermal Properties of Latent Heat Storage Material through Confinement in Porous Media: The Case of (1-CnH2n+1NH3)2ZnCl4 (N=10 and 12)

Solid-solid phase transition of (1-C14H29NH3)2ZnCl4 in nanopores of silica gel for thermal energy storage

Size-Dependent Phase Behavior of the Hexadecane–Octadecane System Confined in Nanoporous Glass

Phase transition of neopentyl glycol in nanopores for thermal energy storage