In the past two decades, reversible data hiding (RDH), also referred to as lossless or invertible data hiding, has gradually become a very active research area in the field of data hiding. This has been verified by more and more papers on increasingly wide-spread subjects in the field of RDH research that have been published these days. In this paper, the various RDH algorithms and researches have been classified into the following six categories: 1) RDH into image spatial domain; 2) RDH into image compressed domain (e.g., JPEG); 3) RDH suitable for image semi-fragile authentication; 4) RDH with image contrast enhancement; 5) RDH into encrypted images, which is expected to have wide application in the cloud computation; and 6) RDH into video and into audio. For each of these six categories, the history of technical developments, the current state of the arts, and the possible future researches are presented and discussed. It is expected that the RDH technology and its applications in the real word will continue to move ahead.

Reversible Data Hiding: Advances in the Past Two Decades

Prediction-error expansion (PEE) is the most successful reversible data hiding (RDH) technique, and existing PEE-based RDH methods are mainly based on the modification of one- or two-dimensional prediction-error histogram (PEH). The two-dimensional PEH-based methods perform generally better than those based on one-dimensional PEH; however, their performance is still unsatisfactory since the PEH modification manner is fixed and independent of image content. In this paper, we propose a new RDH method based on PEE for multiple histograms. Unlike the previous methods, we consider in this paper a sequence of histograms and devise a new embedding mechanism based on multiple histograms modification (MHM). A complexity measurement is computed for each pixel according to its context, and the pixels with a given complexity are collected together to generate a PEH. By varying the complexity to cover the whole image, a sequence of histograms can be generated. Then, two expansion bins are selected in each generated histogram and data embedding is realized based on MHM. Here, the expansion bins are adaptively selected considering the image content such that the embedding distortion is minimized. With such selected expansion bins, the proposed MHM-based RDH method works well. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms the conventional PEE and its miscellaneous extensions including both one- or two-dimensional PEH-based ones.

Efficient Reversible Data Hiding Based on Multiple Histograms Modification

This paper investigates the use of local prediction in difference expansion reversible watermarking. For each pixel, a least square predictor is computed on a square block centered on the pixel and the corresponding prediction error is expanded. The same predictor is recovered at detection without any additional information. The proposed local prediction is general and it applies regardless of the predictor order or the prediction context. For the particular cases of least square predictors with the same context as the median edge detector, gradient-adjusted predictor or the simple rhombus neighborhood, the local prediction-based reversible watermarking clearly outperforms the state-of-the-art schemes based on the classical counterparts. Experimental results are provided.

Local-Prediction-Based Difference Expansion Reversible Watermarking

In this paper, based on two-dimensional difference- histogram modification, a novel reversible data hiding (RDH) scheme is proposed by using difference-pair-mapping (DPM). First, by considering each pixel-pair and its context, a sequence consisting of pairs of difference values is computed. Then, a two-dimensional difference-histogram is generated by counting the frequency of the resulting difference-pairs. Finally, reversible data embedding is implemented according to a specifically designed DPM. Here, the DPM is an injective mapping defined on difference-pairs. It is a natural extension of expansion embedding and shifting techniques used in current histogram-based RDH methods. By the proposed approach, compared with the conventional one-dimensional difference-histogram and one-dimensional prediction-error-histogram-based RDH methods, the image redundancy can be better exploited and an improved embedding performance is achieved. Moreover, a pixel-pair-selection strategy is also adopted to priorly use the pixel-pairs located in smooth image regions to embed data. This can further enhance the embedding performance. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme outperforms some state-of-the-art RDH works.

A Novel Reversible Data Hiding Scheme Based on Two-Dimensional Difference-Histogram Modification

Adaptive reversible data hiding scheme based on integer transform

Reversible watermarking is a special watermarking technique which allows one to extract both the hidden data and the exact original signal from the watermarked content. In this paper, a recently introduced reversible image watermarking method based on prediction-error expansion is further investigated and improved. Instead of taking the pixels with small prediction-error as embedding pixels (i.e., the pixels that carry watermark bits), we propose to select these pixels in a dynamical way. In fact, we can pre-calculate the embedding distortion for each possible choice of embedding pixels, and determine the one with minimal distortion. We see that, with this choice of embedding pixels, the distortion is reduced comparing with the original method, and thus, the proposed approach has a better performance. In addition, experimental results show that the novel method outperforms some state-of-the-art algorithms.

Efficient reversible image watermarking by using dynamical prediction-error expansion

Many reversible watermarking algorithms have been proposed in the literature, and all of these solutions put emphasis on high embedding capacity with low distortion. In this paper, a novel reversible image watermarking method based on integer transform is presented. Through taking pixel block of arbitrary size as embedding unit, the method can provide a very high embedding capacity. For instance, it can embed as large as 1.85 bits per pixel in “Lena”. Besides, by pre-estimating the embedding distortion, one can suitably select embeddable blocks so that the visual quality of the watermarked image is well guaranteed. Furthermore, extensive experiments show that the novel method performs better than some state-of-the-art algorithms.

High capacity reversible image watermarking based on integer transform

The invention relates to a method for embedding a reversible watermark in a digital image and a method for extracting the reversible watermark from the digital image, and belongs to the field of information technology The method for embedding the reversible watermark comprises the following steps of: dividing a carrier image and establishing a location mark sequence LMC, and dividing all pixels into three parts of I1, I2, and I3; embedding watermark in the pixel blocks in the I1 and I3; recording the lowest effective bit in the I1 into a sequence C, and using the LMC to replace the lowest effective bit in the I1; and finally, embedding the sequence C into an embeddable pixel block in the I2 The method for extracting the reversible watermark comprises the following steps of: dividing the carrier image and extracting the location mark sequence LMC; then dividing the pixel blocks into three parts of I1, I2, and I3; performing reverse transformation on the pixel blocks in the I2 according to the LMC to obtain an original pixel value sequence C; replacing the lowest effective bit in the I1 by the value in the sequence C; and finally, performing reverse transformation on the pixel blocks in the I1 and I3 according to the LMC to acquire an original pixel value and embedded watermark information The method for embedding the reversible watermark in the digital image and the method for extracting the reversible watermark from the digital image improve the embedding capacity and do not need the original images during extraction

Method for embedding reversible watermark in digital image and method for extracting reversible watermark from digital image

In this paper, a content-adaptive steganographic scheme is proposed. The novel scheme can be viewed as an improvement of the conventional LSB matching. In this scheme, we take advantage of embedding redundancy in LSB matching to select modification direction (i.e., increasing or decreasing the pixel value by 1), and the dependency of neighboring pixels is taken into consideration. More specifically, if the secret message bit does not match the LSB of the corresponding cover pixel value, the choice of modification direction is not random but a specific selection, in order to hold the correlation of neighboring pixels as far as possible. The resulting stego image looks more like a natural one, and smooth to some extent. Comparing with LSB matching and other state-of-the-art steganography, higher level security of the proposed scheme is experimentally verified. In addition, the proposed approach can be also applied in LSB-based steganography to enhance the security.

A content-adaptive approach for reducing embedding impact in steganography

The invention discloses an embedding method and an extracting method of reversible watermarks, belonging to the technical field of digital watermarks. The embedding method comprises the following steps of: sequentially reading the pixel values of digital images, and establishing a position sign sequence; compressing the position sign sequence, and regulating a pixel with the pixel value of 0 or 255; calculating forecast error sequences of the digital images, and selecting internal areas and parameters T which are needed in the embedding process; and embedding the reversible watermarks according to the selected parameters. The extracting method comprises the following steps of: sequentially reading the pixel values of the digital images, and extracting various kinds of auxiliary information; uncompressing the compressed position sign sequence to obtain the uncompressed position sign sequence; carrying out inverse solution referring to the embedding parameters so as to obtain embedding information; regulating the pixel values according to the position sign sequence; and finally, sequentially substituting the sequences for least significant bits of the pixel values, wherein carrier images can be completely recovered at the time. The invention can successfully realize the embedding and the extraction of the reversible watermarks on gray level images and the recovery of original images.

Embedding method and extracting method of reversible watermarks

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