Accurate detection of irreversible acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is always a challenge in clinical emergencies, and its early diagnosis can increase the patient’s chance of surviving. Herein, an electrochemical aptasensor with excellent sensitivity and accuracy was developed for the detection of cardiac troponin I (cTnI). This aptasensor is prepared using sandwiching the cTnI biomarker between the magnetic nanoparticles/Tro6 aptamer (MNPs/Tro6) and multifunctional catechol-(CC)-loaded Tro4/Au/MIL-53(Fe)-based nanocomposite [Tro4/CC/Au/MIL-53(Fe)]. The CC/Au/MIL-53(Fe) provides high electrocatalysis toward electro-oxidation of hydrazine, numerous active sites as the signal amplifier and Tro4 aptamer carrier, on the one hand, and the MNPs, which provide the high complex media’s signal-to-noise ratio (S/N), on the other hand. Analysis of the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data revealed that the double layer capacitance (surface roughness effect) contributed to the CC/Au/MIL-53(Fe)’s increased activity in part but that the intrinsic activity was mostly responsible (synergistic effect). The optimized sandwich-type aptasensor by a face-centered central composite design allows for the detection of cTnI (0.5 pg mL–1) with a broad dynamic range (2 pg mL–1 to 150 ng mL–1), addressing the clinical necessity of AMI diagnosis as well as exceptional selectivity among different biomarkers. The recommended method was effectively used to assess cTnI in AMI patient plasma, above 90% clinical sensitivity, highlighting the capability of the platform for bioanalysis in real-world samples. 

Electrochemical Sandwich-Type Aptasensor Based on the Multifunctional Catechol-Loaded Au/MIL-53(Fe) for Detection of Cardiac Troponin I

Nanobiotechnology has ushered in a new era of scientific discovery where the unique properties of nanomaterials, such as gold nanoparticles, have been harnessed for a wide array of applications. This review explores gold nanoparticles' synthesis, properties, and multidisciplinary applications, focusing on their role as biosensors. Gold nanoparticles possess exceptional physicochemical attributes, including size-dependent optical properties, biocompatibility, and ease of functionalization, making them promising candidates for the development of biosensing platforms. The review begins by providing a comprehensive overview of gold nanoparticle synthesis techniques, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of various approaches. It then delves into the remarkable properties that underpin their success in biosensing, such as localized surface plasmon resonance and enhanced surface area. The discussion also includes the functionalization strategies that enable specific binding to biomolecules, enhancing the sensitivity and selectivity of gold-nanoparticle-based biosensors. Furthermore, this review surveys the diverse applications of gold nanoparticles in biosensing, encompassing diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and drug delivery. The multidisciplinary nature of these applications underscores the versatility and potential of gold nanoparticles in addressing complex challenges in healthcare and environmental science. The review emphasizes the pressing need for further exploration and research in the field of nanobiotechnology, particularly regarding the synthesis, properties, and biosensing applications of gold nanoparticles. With their exceptional physicochemical attributes and versatile functionalities, gold nanoparticles present a promising avenue for addressing complex challenges in healthcare and environmental science, making it imperative to advance our understanding of their synthesis, properties, and applications for enhanced biosensing capabilities and broader scientific innovation. 

Gold Nanoparticles in Nanobiotechnology: From Synthesis to Biosensing Applications

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disrupting chemical having estrogenic properties that can enter the body through leaking from food containers or the food chain. An upconversion nanoparticle-based aptasensor integrated with microfluidic chip was simply designed to achieve the determination of BPA in foodstuff. Core-shell structured upconversion nanoparticles with 6.41-fold luminescence enhancement were used as fluorescence donors and gold nanoparticles as fluorescence acceptors to construct fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) system. The BPA aptamer serves as a link between the building of the FRET system and the BPA-specific recognition component. The fishbone-structured microfluidic chip only needs 0.5 μL sample solution and 4 minutes to determine the presence of BPA. The proposed method has good linearity for BPA in the range of 0.02-100 ng/mL with calibration curve of y=0.0918x+0.6477 and limit of detection of 0.014 ng/mL. It is tremendously competitive to perform on-chip analysis that enables microsampling and rapid determination. 

Simple design of upconversion nanoparticles-based aptasensor integrated microfluidic chip for ultra-sensitive detection of bisphenol A in aquatic products

Rapid and precise acute myocardial infarction (AMI) diagnosis is essential for preventing patient death. In addition, the complementary roles of creatine kinase muscle brain (CK-MB) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) cardiac biomarkers in the early and late stages of AMI demand their simultaneous detection, which is difficult to implement using conventional fluorescence and electrochemical technologies. Here, a nanotechnology-based one-stop immuno-surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection platform is reported for multiple cardiac indicators for the rapid screening and progressive tracing of AMI events. Optimal SERS is achieved using optical property-based, excitation wavelength-optimized, and high-yield anisotropic plasmonic gold nanocubes. Optimal immunoassay reaction efficiencies are achieved by increasing immobilized antibodies. Multiple simultaneous detection strategies are implemented by incorporating two different Raman reports with narrow wavenumbers corresponding to two indicators and by establishing a computational SERS mapping process to accurately detect their concentrations, irrespective of multiple enzymes in the human serum. The SERS platform precisely estimated AMI onset and progressive timing in human serum and made rapid AMI identification feasible using a portable Raman spectrometer. This integrated platform is hypothesized to significantly contribute to emergency medicine and forensic science by providing timely treatment and observation.

One-Stop Plasmonic Nanocube-Excited SERS Immunoassay Platform of Multiple Cardiac Biomarkers for Rapid Screening and Progressive Tracing of Acute Myocardial Infarction.

Microfluidic systems have attracted considerable attention due to their low reagent consumption, short analysis time, and ease of integration in comparison to conventional methods, but still suffer from shortcomings in sensitivity and selectivity. Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) offers several advantages in the detection of compounds, including label-free detection at the single-molecule level, and the narrow Raman peak width for multiplexing. Combining microfluidics with SERS is a viable way to improve their detection sensitivity. Researchers have recently developed several SERS coupled microfluidic platforms with substantial potential for biomolecular detection, cellular and bacterial analysis, and hazardous substance detection. We review the current development of SERS coupled microfluidic platforms, illustrate their detection principles and construction, and summarize the latest applications in biology, environmental protection and food safety. In addition, we innovatively summarize the current status of SERS coupled multi-mode microfluidic platforms with other detection technologies. Finally, we discuss the challenges and countermeasures during the development of SERS coupled microfluidic platforms, as well as predict the future development trend of SERS coupled microfluidic platforms. 

A review of SERS coupled microfluidic platforms: From configurations to applications

We developed a new plasmonic nanostripe microcone array (PNMA) substrate-integrated microfluidic chip for the simultaneous surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based immunoassay of the creatine kinase MB isoenzyme (CK-MB) and cardiac troponin (cTnI) cardiac markers. The conventional immunoassay usually employs a microtiter plate as the solid capture plate to form the immunocomplexes. However, the two-dimensional (2D) surface of the microtiter plate limits the capture efficiency of the target antigens due to the steric hindrance effect. To address this issue, a gold film-coated microcone array with nanostripes was developed that can provide a large surface area for capture antibody conjugation and serve as a SERS-active substrate. This unique nano-microhierarchical structure showed an excellent light trapping effect and induced surface plasmon resonance to further enhance the Raman signals of the SERS nanoprobes. It significantly improved the sensitivity and applicability of SERS-based immunoassay on the microfluidic chip. With this integrated microfluidic chip, we successfully performed the simultaneous detection of CK-MB and cTnI, and the detection limit can reach 0.01 ng mL-1. It is believed that the PNMA substrate-integrated microfluidic chip would play a critical role in the rapid and sensitive diagnostics of cardiac diseases.

SERS-Based Immunoassay of Myocardial Infarction Biomarkers on a Microfluidic Chip with Plasmonic Nanostripe Microcones.

The referenced article [Opt. Express30, 28220 (2022)10.1364/OE.466148] has been retracted by the authors.

Single-shot 3D shape measurement based on RGB dot patterns and stereovision: retraction.

The whispering gallery mode (WGM) optical microresonator sensors are emerging as a promising platform for precise temperature measurements, driven by their excellent sensitivity, resolution and integration. Nevertheless, challenges endure regarding stability, single resonant mode tracking, and real-time monitoring. Here, we demonstrate a temperature measurement approach based on convolutional neural network (CNN), leveraging the recognition of multimode barcode images acquired from a WGM microbottle resonator (MBR) sensor with robust packaged microresonator-taper coupling structure (packaged-MTCS). Our work ensures not only a high sensitivity of -14.28 pm/℃ and remarkable resolution of 3.5 × 10-4 ℃ across a broad dynamic range of 96 ℃ but also fulfills the demands for real-time temperature measurement with an average detection accuracy of 96.85% and a speed of 0.68s per image. These results highlight the potential of high-performance WGM MBR sensors in various fields and lay the groundwork for stable soliton microcomb excitation through thermal tuning.

Packaged WGM MBR sensor for high-performance temperature measurement using CNN-based multimode barcode images

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SERS-Based Immunoassay of Myocardial Infarction Biomarkers on a Microfluidic Chip with Plasmonic Nanostripe Microcones.

Single-shot 3D shape measurement based on RGB dot patterns and stereovision: retraction.

Packaged WGM MBR sensor for high-performance temperature measurement using CNN-based multimode barcode images