Multipactor over a dielectric in vacuum inclines to engender interfacial gas desorption or evaporation, precipitating surface flashover and insulator failure. However, no consensus has been achieved regarding the exact mechanism during final breakdown stage, an expatiation of which therefore serves as our major motivation for this letter. By implementing the particle-in-cell simulation code, we investigate the microscopic evolution of the discharge development process and confirm the major component escalating the explosive space charge accumulation. The obtained current waveform validates the balance of charged particles between electrodes, corroborated by experimental results. A theoretical discharge model is then constructed to elucidate the physical reasoning of the previous phenomenon. Two distinct discharge modes are defined correspondingly, and the transition therein is found to be induced by rapid plasma density build-up.

Investigation of multipactor-induced surface plasma discharge and temporal mode transition

This article presents the frequency-domain analysis of multipactor discharge on a single dielectric surface. We employ the multiparticle Monte Carlo simulation model in one dimension with adaptive time steps to obtain the temporal profiles of the normal electric field, which is due to surface charging that corresponds to the multipactor strength, induced by single- or dual-tone radio frequency (RF) electric fields acting parallel to the surface. We apply a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) to obtain the amplitude spectrum of the normal electric fields. It is found that for the single-tone RF operation, the normal electric field consists of pronounced even harmonics of the driving RF frequency. The strength of a harmonic component in the normal electric field depends on its frequency and the incident RF amplitude. An empirical relation between the strength and frequency of the harmonics and the input RF amplitude has been proposed. For dual-tone RF operation, spectral peaks are observed in the amplitude spectrum of the normal electric field at various frequencies of intermodulation product of the RF carrier frequencies. Pronounced peaks are observed at the sum and difference frequencies of the carrier frequencies, at multiples of those frequencies, and at multiples of the carrier frequencies. Empirical relations between the heights of different spectral peaks and the input RF amplitudes have been proposed.

Frequency-Domain Analysis of Single-Surface Multipactor Discharge With Single- and Dual-Tone RF Electric Fields

This paper presents two-surface multipactor discharge with two-frequency rf fields using Monte Carlo simulations and Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Particle Studio. The effects of the relative strength and phase of the second carrier mode on multipactor susceptibility and time dependent physics are studied. Compared to single-frequency rf operation, shrinkage of multipactor susceptibility regions is observed for different configurations of two-frequency rf operation. The presence of a second carrier mode in the rf field results in mixed multipactor modes in which electrons take a fixed time period to complete a round trip between the two surfaces, while the time for electrons to traverse the gap in each direction is found to be different. CST simulation reveals that the space-charge effect reduces the electron growth rate and causes shrinkage of multipactor susceptibility bands. Published under an exclusive license by AIP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0070889

https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/5.0070889

Two surface multipactor discharge with two-frequency rf fields and space-charge effects

We report computational and experimental research results confirming that surfaces with porosity exceeding a certain threshold will fully suppress multipactor in parallel-plate microstripline structures, while negligibly perturbing the RF transmission properties. Our research also identified a practical arrangement of nonuniform pores that provided the required high-porosity for multipactor suppression, but with enhanced mechanical rigidity. This alternative layout facilitates the fabrication process using commercially-available manufacturing methods. Porous, multipactor-resistant surfaces can be used in a wide range of high-power components including high-power microwave sources, antennas, filters, and transmission lines (TLs).

Experimental Verification of Multipactor Suppression in Microstripline Using High Porosity Surfaces

This paper presents an experimental investigation of ionization waves’ (IWs’) propagation in a nanosecond-pulse dielectric barrier discharge at atmospheric pressure in air. The effect of the rise time and pulse duration on IW propagation is studied by an intensified charge-coupled device, and the mechanism of the discharge propagation is analyzed. The experimental results show that the discharge produced in the rise time of the applied voltage develops in a structure of discontinuous sphere, while the discharge produced in the falling time exhibits a continuous form due to the effect of space charge. Furthermore, the rise time of the applied voltage has a significant influence on the velocity of IWs, and the maximal velocity of IWs rapidly decreases from 0.08 to 0.008 mm/ns when the rise time of the applied voltage increases from 50 to 300 ns. However, the pulse width has almost no influence on the velocity of IWs. The electric field distortion caused by both the propagation of IWs and the accumulation of surface charges is responsible for the formation and propagation of IWs.

Propagation of Ionization Waves in Nanosecond-Pulse Dielectric Barrier Discharge in Atmospheric Air

Experimental demonstration of improving resonant-multipactor threshold by three-dimensional wavy surface

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Experimental demonstration of improving resonant-multipactor threshold by three-dimensional wavy surface