Mycorrhizal mycelium as a global carbon pool

Decomposition is a major flux of the carbon cycle in forest soils and understanding the involved processes is a key for budgeting carbon turnover. Decomposition is constrained by the presence of biological agents such as microorganisms and the underlying environmental conditions such as water availability. A metabarcoding approach of ribosomal markers was chosen to study the succession of bacterial and fungal decomposers on root litter. Litterbags containing pine roots were buried in a pine forest for two years and sequentially sampled. Decomposition and the associated communities were surveyed under ambient dry and long-term irrigation conditions. Early decomposition stages were characterized by the presence of fast-cycling microorganisms such as Bacteroidetes and Helotiales, which were then replaced by more specialized bacteria and litter-associated or parasitic groups such as Acidobacteria, white rots, and Pleosporales. This succession was likely driven by a decrease of easily degradable carbohydrates and a relative increase in persistent compounds such as lignin. We hypothesize that functional redundancy among the resident microbial taxa caused similar root decomposition rates in control and irrigated forest soils. These findings have important implications for drought-prone Alpine forests as frequent drought events reduce litter fall, but not litter decomposition, potentially resulting in lower carbon stocks.

/pdf/microbial-succession-on-decomposing-root-litter-in-a-drought-2r36o3owpo.pdf

Microbial succession on decomposing root litter in a drought-prone Scots pine forest

Soil-plant compartments affect fungal microbiome diversity and composition in grapevine

Dark septate endophytes (DSEs) are one of the most studied groups of root fungal endophytes in recent years. However, the effects of DSE on host plant are still under debate, and the molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we identified a DSE fungus of the genus Anteaglonium, named T010, from the wild blueberry. When inoculated into Vaccinium corymbosum L. plants, T010 could enhance root growth and promote shoot branching, leading to increased plant growth. By comparative transcriptome analysis, we obtained 1948 regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from the V. corymbosum plants treated by T010. Further functional enrichment analysis identified a series of DEGs enriched in transcriptional regulation, material transport, phytohormone biosynthesis and flavonoid biosynthesis. Moreover, the comparative analysis of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry verified that T010 treatment induced the changes in the contents of various phytohormones and flavonoids. This is the first report on the isolation of DSE fungi of the genus Anteaglonium from blueberry roots. Moreover, our results suggested that T010 colonization could result in a series of changes in cell metabolism, biosynthesis and signal pathways, thereby promoting plant growth. Particularly, the changes of phytohormone and flavonoid metabolism induced by T010 colonization might contribute to the promotion of blueberry growth. Our results will provide new insights into understanding of the interaction of DSE fungi and host plants, as well as the development and utilization of DSE preparations.

A novel dark septate fungal endophyte positively affected blueberry growth and changed the expression of plant genes involved in phytohormone and flavonoid biosynthesis.

In 2050, the population of the world is expected to be 9 billion, which means we have to produce six times more food. With this population explosion and increase in food demand, the agricultural land is depleting at an alarming rate, jeopardizing future progress. In order to overcome this problem, the soil organic matter plays a dynamic role in the maintenance and improvement of soil properties. Organic matter determines larger part of soil and has tremendous ecological significance; it influences ecosystem productivity, soil health, and climate quality. The soil organic matter maintains and improves many physical, chemical, and biological properties. This chapter explicates the effect of organic matter on physical, chemical, and biological properties, including soil structure, water retention, available water capacity, thermal conductivity, erodibility, infiltration, soil aggregate formation, soil color, soil compaction, soil aeration, pH, buffering capacity, CEC, base saturation, zeta potential, exchangeable cations, soil fertility and nutrient release, microbial population, soil microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen transformation, mycorrhizal population, root length and root growth, and soil enzymes. It was concluded that increase in the organic matter enhanced these properties, while reduction in organic matter had a detrimental impact on these properties.

Soil Organic Matter and Its Impact on Soil Properties and Nutrient Status

This study investigated ericoid mycorrhizal fungi (EMF) diversity in Vaccinium uliginosum across its main wild distribution range in China. Fungal communities in hair roots of V. uliginosum were analyzed using Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Only 22 OTUs were assigned to putative EMF genera. Rhizoscyphus and Meliniomyces dominated EMF communities, followed by Clavaria, Oidiodendron, Lachnum, Acephala, and Phialocephala. There were more dark septate endophytes (DSE) reads from the Greater Khingan Mountains than from other study areas, similar to the results of the percent colonization of DSE by the magnified intersections method. Overall, high-throughput sequencing data provided a rough community-scale sketch of root-associated fungi of V. uliginosum. Two hundred and eighty slow-growing isolates were isolated from root pieces of V. uliginosum, and the isolates matched 16 fungal genera on the basis of morphological and internal transcribed spacer sequence comparison. The isolates of Cryptosporiopsis ericae, Oidiodendron maius, Lachnum sp., Sordariomycetes sp., and Pleosporales sp., formed ericoid hyphal coils via resynthesis trails. The co-existence between EMF and DSE in hair roots was observed via trypan blue staining. A putative model for the co-existence between EMF and DSE in the hair roots of V. uliginosum was proposed. We suggest that under certain environmental stresses, such as low temperature and poor available nutrients, ericoid plants may favor co-colonization by both DSE and EMF.

/pdf/diversity-and-characteristics-of-colonization-of-root-53xp49n28m.pdf

Diversity and characteristics of colonization of root-associated fungi of Vaccinium uliginosum.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

/pdf/author-correction-diversity-and-characteristics-of-wd5ofhk2wr.pdf

Author Correction: Diversity and characteristics of colonization of root-associated fungi of Vaccinium uliginosum.

Many microorganisms in soil are able to transform insoluble form of phosphorus to an accessible soluble one, contributing to plant nutrition as plant growth-promoting microorganisms. The objective of this work was to isolate, screen and evaluate the phosphate-solubilizing activity of microorganisms in soybean rhizosphere soil, and select potential microbial inoculants. These microorganisms were selected based on the phosphate-solubilizing efficiency in a modified Pikovskaya’s liquid medium culture. The isolates were identified based on the morphological characteristic and nucleotide sequence data from the 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) for bacteria. Strain BAâÂ¢, identified as Bacillus megaterium, is the most effective one for solubilization of phosphate in medium. Taken together, these results demonstrate that strain BAâÂ¢ has the ability to convert nonavailable forms of phosphorus into plant-available forms, therefore, it has a great potential to develop as a bio-fertilizer to enhance soil fertility and promote plant growth.

Isolation and identification of phosphate-solubilizing bacterium from soybean Rhizosphere in China

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Diversity and characteristics of colonization of root-associated fungi of Vaccinium uliginosum.

Author Correction: Diversity and characteristics of colonization of root-associated fungi of Vaccinium uliginosum.

Isolation and identification of phosphate-solubilizing bacterium from soybean Rhizosphere in China