Luminogenic materials with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) attributes have attracted much interest since the debut of the AIE concept in 2001. In this critical review, recent progress in the area of AIE research is summarized. Typical examples of AIE systems are discussed, from which their structure–property relationships are derived. Through mechanistic decipherment of the photophysical processes, structural design strategies for generating new AIE luminogens are developed. Technological, especially optoelectronic and biological, applications of the AIE systems are exemplified to illustrate how the novel AIE effect can be utilized for high-tech innovations (183 references).

Aggregation-induced emission

Aggregation-induced emission: phenomenon, mechanism and applications.

In this review we intend to provide a relatively comprehensive summary of the work of supramolecular hydrogelators after 2004 and to put emphasis particularly on the applications of supramolecular hydrogels/hydrogelators as molecular biomaterials. After a brief introduction of methods for generating supramolecular hydrogels, we discuss supramolecular hydrogelators on the basis of their categories, such as small organic molecules, coordination complexes, peptides, nucleobases, and saccharides. Following molecular design, we focus on various potential applications of supramolecular hydrogels as molecular biomaterials, classified by their applications in cell cultures, tissue engineering, cell behavior, imaging, and unique applications of hydrogelators. Particularly, we discuss the applications of supramolecular hydrogelators after they form supramolecular assemblies but prior to reaching the critical gelation concentration because this subject is less explored but may hold equally great promise for helping ...

Supramolecular Hydrogelators and Hydrogels: From Soft Matter to Molecular Biomaterials

Functional π-Gelators and Their Applications

It is likely that nanofabrication will underpin many technologies in the 21st century. Synthetic chemistry is a powerful approach to generate molecular structures that are capable of assembling into functional nanoscale architectures. There has been intense interest in self-assembling low-molecular-weight gelators, which has led to a general understanding of gelation based on the self-assembly of molecular-scale building blocks in terms of non-covalent interactions and packing parameters. The gelator molecules generate hierarchical, supramolecular structures that are macroscopically expressed in gel formation. Molecular modification can therefore control nanoscale assembly, a process that ultimately endows specific material function. The combination of supramolecular chemistry, materials science, and biomedicine allows application-based materials to be developed. Regenerative medicine and tissue engineering using molecular gels as nanostructured scaffolds for the regrowth of nerve cells has been demonstrated in vivo, and the prospect of using self-assembled fibers as one-dimensional conductors in gel materials has captured much interest in the field of nanoelectronics.

High-tech applications of self-assembling supramolecular nanostructured gel-phase materials: from regenerative medicine to electronic devices.

A new cholesterol organogelator 4 was synthesized and its gelation property was evaluated. It was confirmed that 4 was an effective gelator for various organic solvents and could self-assemble into network fibers with a bilayer of folded conformation in some organic solvents. Moreover, organogelator 4 could act as a template for the synthesis of novel pearl-necklace porous CdS nanofibers. The transcription process of organogel fibers into CdS nanofibers was investigated, and it was found that Cd2+ ions were coated on the organogel fibers by the interaction with ester groups of 4, which might lead to the change of the arrangement of the organogelator and seemed to serve as nucleation sites for metalization. The further growth of CdS began with these nucleation sites along the organogel fibers. Meanwhile, parts of 4 free from organogel fibers have an effect on the formation of the CdS nanofibers consisting of the network and wormlike CdS particles.

Novel pearl-necklace porous CdS nanofiber templated by organogel.

A new cholesterol organogelator 1 was synthesized, which was confirmed as an effective gelator for various organic solvents and could self-assemble into network fibers in some organic solvents Moreover, gelator 1 could act as templates for the synthesis of various CuS nanofibers with different helical pitches For example, when H2S was used as the sulfur source, straight and bending helical CuS nanofibers with a pitch of 100−200 nm could be fabricated in butyl acetate and benzene−butanol gel systems, respectively, while bending CuS nanofibers with a similar helical pitch (ca 50 nm) could be obtained when thioacetamide was used as the sulfur source in both gel systems It was first found that the morphologies of inorganic nanofibers could be controlled by the binding sites between the inorganic precursor and the organogel

Novel CuS nanofibers using organogel as a template: controlled by binding sites.

Synthesis of copper sulfide nanotube in the hydrogel system

Synthesis of CuS nanoribbons templated by hydrogel

Synthesis, self-assembly and characterization of a new glucoside-type hydrogel having a Schiff base on the aglycon.

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