Oxidative stress (OS) refers to the physiological imbalance between oxidative and antioxidative processes leading to increased oxidation, which then results in the inflammatory infiltration of neutrophils, increased protease secretion, and the production of a large number of oxidative intermediates. Oxidative stress is considered an important factor in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease (CVD). At present, active components of Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) have been widely used for the treatment of CVD, including coronary heart disease and hypertension. Since the discovery of artemisinin for the treatment of malaria by Nobel laureate Youyou Tu, the therapeutic effects of active components of CHM on various diseases have been widely investigated by the medical community. It has been found that various active CHM components can regulate oxidative stress and the circulatory system, including ginsenoside, astragaloside, and resveratrol. This paper reviews advances in the use of active CHM components that modulate oxidative stress, suggesting potential drugs for the treatment of various CVDs.

/pdf/natural-drugs-as-a-treatment-strategy-for-cardiovascular-4xordsqpez.pdf

Natural Drugs as a Treatment Strategy for Cardiovascular Disease through the Regulation of Oxidative Stress.

Ginsenoside Rg2 has been previously reported to reduce glucose production and adipogenesis in adipose tissue. However, the effects of ginsenosides Rg2 on hepatic lipid metabolism remain vacant. In this study, we found that ginsenoside Rg2 treatment significantly attenuated oleic acid and palmitic acid (OA&PA)-induced intracellular lipid deposition and oxidative stress in mouse primary hepatocytes. C57BL/6J mice that are fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) and treated with ginsenosides Rg2 displayed decreased body weight, reversed hepatic steatosis, and improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Ginsenoside Rg2 administration significantly ameliorated HFD-induced hepatic oxidative stress and apoptosis. Moreover, Ginsenoside Rg2 had a good affinity with Sirtuin1 (SIRT1) and regulated its expression in vivo and in vitro. Deficiency of SIRT1 eliminated the therapeutic effect of ginsenoside Rg2 on lipid accumulation and overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in OA&PA-induced mice primary hepatocytes. Ginsenoside Rg2 treatment failed to alter the lipid and glucose disorder in hepatic SIRT1 deficient mice feeding on HFD. SIRT1 deficiency dissolves the therapeutic effect of ginsenoside Rg2 on oxidative stress and hepatocyte apoptosis induced by HFD. In summary, ginsenoside Rg2 plays a therapeutic role in HFD-induced hepatosteatosis of mice by decreasing the lipogenesis process and improving antioxidant capacity in an SIRT1-dependent manner.

Ginsenoside Rg2 Ameliorates High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Disease through SIRT1

Skin photo-protection with phytochemicals against photo-oxidative stress, photo-carcinogenesis, signal transduction pathways and extracellular matrix remodeling-An overview.

Ginsenosides are a class of active components extracted from ginseng plants (such as Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolium, and Panax notoginseng). Ginsenosides have significant protective effects on the nervous system, cardiovascular system, and immune system, so they have been widely used in the treatment of related diseases. Entry of a variety of endogenous or exogenous harmful substances into the body can lead to an imbalance between the antioxidant defense system and reactive oxygen species, thus producing toxic effects on a variety of tissues and cells. In addition, oxidative stress can alter multiple signaling pathways, including the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE, PI3K/AKT, Wnt/β-catenin, and NF-κB pathways. With the deepening of research in this field, various ginsenoside monomers have been reported to exert antioxidant effects through multiple signaling pathways and thus have good application prospects. This article summarized the research advancements regarding the antioxidative effects and related mechanisms of ginsenosides, providing a theoretical basis for experimental research on and clinical treatment with ginsenosides.

/pdf/oxidative-stress-and-ginsenosides-an-update-on-the-molecular-jxm5v2ax.pdf

Oxidative Stress and Ginsenosides: An Update on the Molecular Mechanisms

Protective effects of ginsenoside Rg2 against memory impairment and neuronal death induced by Aβ25-35 in rats.

Ginseng, referring to the dried roots of Panax ginseng CA Meyer, has been known as a famous traditional folkloric medicine in East Asian countries for a long time In recent years, it has been gaining a worldwide popularity as a dietary herbal supplement Ginsenosides are bioactive ingredients that are responsible for most pharmacological efficacies of ginseng Ginsenoside Rg2 (Rg2), one of minor protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type ginsenosides, exists in two epimeric forms, 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg2 [20(S)-Rg2] and 20(R)-ginsenoside Rg2 [20(R)-Rg2] This work was undertaken to assess and compare their skin anti-photoaging properties When they were applied to HaCaT keratinocytes prior to the irradiation, 20(S)-Rg2 only could attenuate the UV-B-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) elevation, which were detected using three fluorescent ROS dyes, such as 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, dihydroethidium and dihydrorhodamine 123 20(S)-Rg2 but not 20(R)-Rg2 significantly attenuated the UV-B-induced promatrix metalloproteinase-2 (proMMP-2) gelatinolytic activity and protein levels Likewise, 20(S)-Rg2 only augmented the UV-B-reduced total glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity levels in a concentration-dependent manner Neither of the two Rg2 epimers was cytotoxic to HaCaT keratinocytes, regardless of UV-B irradiation Taken together, of the two Rg2 epimers, 20(S)-Rg2 only possesses the stereospecific protective properties against the UV-B-induced skin photoaging in HaCaT keratinocytes

Stereospecificity of ginsenoside Rg2 epimers in the protective response against UV-B radiation-induced oxidative stress in human epidermal keratinocytes

This work aimed to assess the skin-beneficial properties of Agastache rugosa Kuntze, an herbal medication used to treat different types of disorders in traditional folk medicine. The total phenolic compounds and total antiradical, nitrite scavenging, superoxide scavenging, antielastase, and antihyaluronidase activities of a hot water extract of A. rugosa Kuntze leaves (ARE) were spectrophotometrically determined. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was fluorometrically quantitated using 2 , 7 - dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA). Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and filaggrin were evaluated using Western analysis. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR was used to measure filaggrin mRNA. Caspase-14 activity was determined using a fluorogenic substrate. ARE contained the total phenolic content of 38.9 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract and exhibited 2,2 - diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, superoxide radical, and nitrite scavenging activities with the SC50 values of 2.9, 1.4, and 1.7 mg/mL, respectively. ARE exerted suppressive activities on nitric oxide (NO) and ROS levels elevated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in HaCaT keratinocytes. It attenuated the LPS-stimulated expression of iNOS. ARE augmented the UV-B-reduced filaggrin expression on both protein and mRNA levels and was capable of upregulating the UV-B-reduced caspase-14 activity. ARE inhibited in vitro elastase and hyaluronidase activities associated with the wrinkling process. ARE, at the concentrations used, did not interfere with the viability of HaCaT keratinocytes. These findings preliminarily imply that the leaves of A. rugosa possess desirable cosmetic potentials, such as anti-inflammatory, barrier protective, and antiwrinkle activities, which infers their skin healing potentials.

/pdf/anti-inflammatory-barrier-protective-and-antiwrinkle-w9nsge8xdm.pdf

Anti-Inflammatory, Barrier-Protective, and Antiwrinkle Properties of Agastache rugosa Kuntze in Human Epidermal Keratinocytes.

Agastache rugosa Kuntze, known as a Korean mint, is an herbal medicine that has been used for the treatment of diverse kinds of symptoms in traditional medicine. This work was undertaken to assess the protective properties of A. rugosa leaves against UV-B-induced photoaging in HaCaT keratinocytes. They were evaluated via analyzing reactive oxygen species (ROS), promatrix metalloproteinase-2 (proMMP-2) and -9 (proMMP-9), total glutathione (GSH), total superoxide dismutase (SOD), cellular viability, flavonoid content and in vitro radical scavenging activity. Total flavonoid content of ARE, a hot water extract of A. rugosa leaves, was 22.8 ± 7.6 mg of naringin equivalent/g ARE. ARE exhibited ABTS+ radical scavenging activity with an SC50 of 836.9 μg/mL. ARE attenuated the UV-B-induced ROS generation. It diminished the UV-B-induced elevation of proMMP-2 and -9 at both activity and protein levels. On the contrary, ARE was able to enhance the UV-B-reduced total GSH and total SOD activity levels. ARE, at the used concentrations, was unable to interfere with the cellular viabilities of HaCaT keratinocytes under UV-B irradiation. Taken together, ARE possesses a protective potential against UV-B-induced photoaging in HaCaT keratinocytes, possibly based upon up-regulating antioxidant components, including total GSH and SOD. These findings reasonably suggest the use of A. rugosa leaves as a photoprotective resource in manufacturing functional cosmetics.

Attenuating properties of Agastache rugosa leaf extract against ultraviolet-B-induced photoaging via up-regulating glutathione and superoxide dismutase in a human keratinocyte cell line.

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Stereospecificity of ginsenoside Rg2 epimers in the protective response against UV-B radiation-induced oxidative stress in human epidermal keratinocytes

Anti-Inflammatory, Barrier-Protective, and Antiwrinkle Properties of Agastache rugosa Kuntze in Human Epidermal Keratinocytes.

Attenuating properties of Agastache rugosa leaf extract against ultraviolet-B-induced photoaging via up-regulating glutathione and superoxide dismutase in a human keratinocyte cell line.