This Review focuses on noncovalent functionalization of graphene and graphene oxide with various species involving biomolecules, polymers, drugs, metals and metal oxide-based nanoparticles, quantum dots, magnetic nanostructures, other carbon allotropes (fullerenes, nanodiamonds, and carbon nanotubes), and graphene analogues (MoS2, WS2). A brief description of π–π interactions, van der Waals forces, ionic interactions, and hydrogen bonding allowing noncovalent modification of graphene and graphene oxide is first given. The main part of this Review is devoted to tailored functionalization for applications in drug delivery, energy materials, solar cells, water splitting, biosensing, bioimaging, environmental, catalytic, photocatalytic, and biomedical technologies. A significant part of this Review explores the possibilities of graphene/graphene oxide-based 3D superstructures and their use in lithium-ion batteries. This Review ends with a look at challenges and future prospects of noncovalently modified graph...

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Noncovalent Functionalization of Graphene and Graphene Oxide for Energy Materials, Biosensing, Catalytic, and Biomedical Applications

Traditional organic synthesis relies heavily on organic solvents for a multitude of tasks, including dissolving the components and facilitating chemical reactions, because many reagents and reactive species are incompatible or immiscible with water. Given that they are used in vast quantities as compared to reactants, solvents have been the focus of environmental concerns. Along with reducing the environmental impact of organic synthesis, the use of water as a reaction medium also benefits chemical processes by simplifying operations, allowing mild reaction conditions, and sometimes delivering unforeseen reactivities and selectivities. After the “watershed” in organic synthesis revealed the importance of water, the development of water-compatible catalysts has flourished, triggering a quantum leap in water-centered organic synthesis. Given that organic compounds are typically practically insoluble in water, simple extractive workup can readily separate a water-soluble homogeneous catalyst as an aqueous so...

Catalytic Organic Reactions in Water toward Sustainable Society

Electrically conducting polymers arenovel In thattheir surface pries induding charge density and wettability, canbereversibly changed with anapplied electrical potential. Suchproperties might render conducting polymers unique forbiological applications. However, themajority of research onconducting polymers hasbeencarried outunder nonbio lcondits. Wesyntheoptically transparent polypyrrole thinfinms andstudied theminenvironments suitable forprotein adsorption andmammalian cell culture. In viro studies demonstrated that extracellular matrix molecules, suchasfibronectin, adsorb efficiently ontopolypyrrole thin films andsupport cell attentunder serum-free conditions. Whenaortic endothelial cells werecultured onfibronectin- coated polypyrrole (oxidized) ineither chemicall defined medium orthepresence ofserum, cells spread normally and synthesized DNA.Incontrast, whenthepolymer wasswitched toits neutral state byapplying anelectrical potntil, bothcell extension andDNAsynthesis wereinhibited without affecting cell viability. Application ofasimilar electrical potential tocells cultured onindium tin oxide surfaces hadnoeffect oncell shape orfunction. Thesedatasuggest thatdectrially conducting polymers mayrepresent atype ofculture substrate which could provide anoninvasive meanstocontrol theshape andfunction ofadherent cells, independent ofanymediumalteration. Growth andfunction ofcultured cells iscommonly controlled byaddition ofmediumsupplements, including serum, de- fined growth factors, andsoluble hormones. However, in- teractions between cells andtheir culture substrate arealso critical forregulation oftheir growth andfunction. For example, mostmammalian cells areanchorage-dependent and, thus, mustattach andextend onasurface inorder to proliferate (1-5). Furthermore, thesamecells will remain quiescent anddifferentiate intheidentical growth factor- containing medium, ifcell spreading isprevented byaltering interactions between cells andsubstrate-adsorbed extracel-

Electrically conducting polymers cannoninvasively control the shapeandgrowth ofmammalian cells

Recent developments of metallic nanoparticle-graphene nanocatalysts

In this study, a phosphine group was chemically grafted to the surface of graphene in order to prepare a reusable ligand with high surface area, incorporating a phosphine moiety. The treatment of graphene oxide (GO) with hydroxide followed by an aqueous work-up yields an OH-functionalized graphene material (GOH) via ring-opening of the epoxide groups. Reaction of GOH with chlorodiphenylphosphine (ClPPh2) gives a new material, GOPPh2 (PFG), which can be used for stabilization of metal nanoparticles or complexation of transition metals in order to prepare a reusable metal catalyst. Stabilization of palladium nanoparticles on the surface of GOPPh2 resulted in the production of an efficient heterogeneous Pd catalyst (PFG–Pd) for application in C–C and C–N bond formation reactions. The PFG–Pd catalyst was characterized using some different microscopic and spectroscopic techniques such as FT-IR, XRD, TEM, SEM, EDX, and ICP analysis. The applicability of the PFG–Pd catalyst was evaluated in Heck, Suzuki and N-arylation reactions. The catalyst system showed high catalyst activity in these processes and the target products were obtained in high isolated yields. The PFG–Pd catalyst was reusable in these reactions for at least 5 times with no significant decrease in its catalytic activity.

Immobilized Pd(0) nanoparticles on phosphine-functionalized graphene as a highly active catalyst for Heck, Suzuki and N-arylation reactions

The use of functional properties of native cyclodextrins in palladium nanoparticle–β-cyclodextrin–graphene nanosheet (Pd@CD–GNS) catalyzed carbon–carbon (C–C) coupling reactions have been investigated under green reaction conditions. The supramolecular catalyst was prepared by deposition of Pd nanoparticles (Pd NPs) on CD–GNS using ethanol as the greener solvent and in situ reducing agent. The catalyst was characterised by FTIR, XRD, RAMAN, UV-Vis spectroscopy, TEM, SAED, XPS and ICP-AES. The catalytic activity of these catalysts is investigated in C–C coupling reactions such as Suzuki–Miyaura and Heck–Mizoroki reactions of aryl bromides and aryl chlorides containing functional groups under green reaction conditions i.e. in water, under phosphine free and aerobic conditions. This catalyst afforded excellent selectivities for the products in good to excellent yields under low Pd loadings (0.2–0.05 mol%), while ensuring the recovery and reusability of the catalysts. The reused catalyst was characterized by FTIR, TEM, XPS and ICP-AES. The CD supramolecular mediators loaded on GNS act as stabilising agents for the Pd NPs. The excellent catalytic activity of this system was attributed to the presence of CDs, excellent dispersibility in water, hydrophobic nature of the GNS support for the accumulation of organic substrates in water, “Breslow effect”, the presence of PTC to overcome the mass transfer limitation onto the surface of GNS and formation of ternary CD/substrate/additive complexes on the Pd–GNS surface.

Palladium nanoparticles on β-cyclodextrin functionalised graphene nanosheets: a supramolecular based heterogeneous catalyst for C─C coupling reactions under green reaction conditions

https://robots.iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/2.0411811jes/pdf

Polyaniline-β-Cyclodextrin-Graphene Nanocomposite for Energy Storage Application: Efficiency Enhancement through Radical Cation Stabilization

In this work, for the first time, we used inherently fluorescent carbon spheres (IF-CSP) as a doping agent to retain the electroactivity of polyaniline (PANI) in neutral media by making composite (IF-CSP@PANI) which is an important requirement for physiological applications of PANI. To address this issue, in situ chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline is done in presence of IF-CSP. IF-CSP@PANI has higher electrochemical activity than PANI in cell culture media at pH 7.4 with high cycling stability which was confirmed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). In addition, this material showed great promise as a biocompatible scaffold for the adherence and proliferation of adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) at all concentrations of IF-CSP@PANI composite (10-200 μg/mL) for five days of culture period and this was confirmed by MTT assay. Doping of PANI with IF-CSP might have helped to preserve its electroactivity and cycling stability at higher pH values by hindering the deprotonation of its conducting form. Proliferation of ADSCs may be attributed to the electroactivity of the composite material. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images evidenced that the IF-CSP@PANI composite was able to enter into the cytoplasm of ADSCs. These extraordinary properties might render the IF-CSP@PANI composite as a promising candidate for bioimaging, biosensing, tissue engineering and drug or gene delivery.

Carbon Sphere-Polyaniline Composite: A Fluorescent Scaffold for Proliferation of Adipose Derived Stem Cells and its Cellular uptake

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Palladium nanoparticles on β-cyclodextrin functionalised graphene nanosheets: a supramolecular based heterogeneous catalyst for C─C coupling reactions under green reaction conditions

Polyaniline-β-Cyclodextrin-Graphene Nanocomposite for Energy Storage Application: Efficiency Enhancement through Radical Cation Stabilization

Carbon Sphere-Polyaniline Composite: A Fluorescent Scaffold for Proliferation of Adipose Derived Stem Cells and its Cellular uptake