Information on the content of medicinal plants used in the treatment of diabetes is scarce in the literature. The objectives of this study were to determine the levels of macroelements and microelements in three different medicinal plant species including the dry samples and teas from Bauhinia forficata, Eleusine Indica, and Orthosiphon stamineus and assess the human health risks of ingestion of the tea. The content of the dry samples and teas was obtained using the technique of inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) after microwave digestion procedure. The hazard quotient (HQ) method was used to access the human health risks posed by heavy metal through tea consumption. The results revealed the presence of K, Mg, Na, P, Al, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ni, and Se in dry samples and plant teas. The dry plants have high concentration of K and P. All dry plants contain Mg, Na, Al, Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn, and Cu above the limit permissible level set by the World Health Organization (WHO). All the hazard index (HI) values in plant teas were found to be within safe limits for human consumption (HI < 1). The plants may have possible action benefits when used in popular medicine. However, the ingestion through capsules prepared by enclosing a plant powder or teas can be harmful to the health of diabetics. The prescription of this plant for the treatment of diabetes should be treated with caution.

/pdf/potential-health-risks-of-macro-and-microelements-in-43w1e4hd2n.pdf

Potential Health Risks of Macro- and Microelements in Commercial Medicinal Plants Used to Treatment of Diabetes.

A variety of different bioreactors have been developed for use in initiating and cultivating somatic embryos. The various designs for embryogenesis and culture are critically evaluated here. Bioreactor optimization and operation methods are also described along with recommendations for use based on desired outcome.

Bioreactors for Plant Embryogenesis and Beyond

The medicinally important plant Artemisia annua was used as an example to study the effect of mist reactor conditions on shooting, rooting, and in vitro acclimatization. During all three stages, plants grown in the mist reactor yielded more shoot biomass than corresponding gelled medium controls. During shoot development, shooting percentage and shoot multiplication increased with increased light intensity and CO2. Shooting percentage and shoot multiplication were also better under a once vs. twice per hour misting frequency. Hyperhydricity was lowest under light and CO2 enrichment and with less frequent misting. Compared to unhyperhydric shoots, hyperhydric shoots showed significantly greater water content. Hyperhydric shoots also produced fewer glandular trichomes and artemisinin and flavonoids were 3 and 14.5%, respectively, compared to unhyperhydric shoots. During root development, all aspects of root growth, including rooting percentage, number of primary roots and secondary roots, and length of the latter, improved with more frequent misting cycles and light and CO2 enrichment. Although plants grown in the mist reactor did not yield a better rooting percentage than gelled medium controls, new roots formed in the reactor were thicker than those grown on gelled medium. During in vitro acclimatization, reducing the relative humidity of the ventilating air from ~50 to ~10% improved stomatal closure and subsequent ex vitro survival. Plantlets acclimatized in unventilated reactors had broken stems with less lignin. Together, these results showed that compared to traditional methods using gelled medium, the mist reactor can be used to improve micropropagation.

From leaf explants to rooted plantlets in a mist reactor

A mist reactor was used to study plant growth and development under various environmental conditions towards the production of healthy plantlets ready for soil transplant in one step from inoculation. In addition, a 3D type of cultivation via surface attachment of explants to vertically hanging strips inside the mist reactor was also investigated to maximize productivity with minimal footprint. Using carrot as the model species, pre-embryogenic cell suspensions were successfully spray-inoculated onto hanging poly-L-lysine (PLL)-coated nylon mesh to which they then attached and remained for several weeks while they developed into rooted plantlets. To study single step micropropagation from shoot explants to fully acclimatized plantlets, Artemisia annua was used as the model species. Nodal cuttings of A. annua were inoculated onto PLL-coated mesh strips by briefly immersing the strips in the suspension of nodal cuttings. Investigation of medium, phytohormones, CO2, ventilation level and humidity ensued resulting in selection of a preferred final process that reduced physiological aberrations like hyperhydricity and was time efficient. The nodal cuttings that attached to the strips were first misted with half strength shooting medium for 7 days to develop new shoots. Then the new shoots were misted with the rooting medium supplemented with NAA for 12 days to develop roots. Rooted plantlets were acclimatized in the same rooting medium for 9 days to acquire fully functional stomata prior to planting into soil. Taken together this study suggested that fully developed plantlets ready for planting into soil could be obtained in a single step in a bioreactor from embryogenic cells or from nodal explants.

Towards automating micropropagation: from cells to shoots to plants in one step

Camellia fascicularis is an endangered evergreen ornamental plant with pale yellow flowers. An efficient and reproducible in vitro regeneration method is required for its large-scale propagation an...

In vitro propagation of Camellia fascicularis: a plant species with extremely small populations

Glandular trichomes on leaf epidermis of Artemisia annua was a major site for artemisinin production. The influence of culture vessel fitted with or replaced with perforated cap was investigated on growth and microstructures of in vitro A. annua leaves. Increment in height and fresh biomass of plantlets regardless of clones (TC1, TC2 and Highland) in culture vessel fitted with normal cap were significantly higher than those cultures with perforated cap after eight weeks of culture. Desiccation of the culture medium was observed in culture vessels fitted with or replaced with perforated caps. Three clones showed different growth profile and sensitivity toward ventilation. T-shaped trichome (non-glandular) and capitates trichome (glandular trichome) were found on adaxial and abaxial epidermis of A. annua leaves. Using perforated cap induced more trichomes on the adaxial surface of leaf for all three tested clones. Stomata of plantlets cultured in culture vessels with normal caps were always opened and opposite trend observed in culture vessels replaced with perforated caps. Results indicated that ventilation due to cap type influenced the growth of in vitro plantlets and microstructures of A. annua leaves.

Effect of perforations of culture vessel cap on growth and leaf microstructure of in vitro plantlets of Artemisia annua L.

Orthosiphon stamineus Benth., an important aromatic medicinal herb of family Lamiaceae, is traditionally used for treatment of kidney problems, hypertension, diabetes and other minor ailments. In this study suspension cell cultures of three different cell lines of O. stamuneus were established. The effect of macroand micro-nutrients of the MS medium was tested to obtain the best concentration of each nutrient for production of high cell biomass and rosmarinic acid (RA) content for the establishment and evaluation of necessity of medium modification. Each of the individual MS macro-nutrient and different MS strength of micro-nutrients gave different effects to the three different cell lines in terms of cell biomass yield and rosmarinic acid production. The effectiveness of the modified macro-nutrient salts for best cell biomass yield (Bio-mod medium) and best rosmarinic acid production (RA-mod medium) for each cell line were compared to the non-modified MS medium, the basic medium used for preparation of the cell proliferation medium. Results showed that both cell biomass and RA production for the three tested cell lines were better when cultured in MS medium without modification of the macroand micro-nutrients compared to the two modified media. Both the modified and non-modified MS media were supplemented with 1.0 mg/L Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) and 1.0 mg/L 1-Napthalene acetic acid (NAA). This study indicated that modification of the MS macroand micro-nutrients was not necessary for good cell growth and high production of rosmarinic acid from cell cultures of O. stamineus disregard the type of cell lines.

Necessity of medium nutrient modification for production of cell biomass yield and rosmarinic acid in the cell suspension cultures of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth.

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Effect of perforations of culture vessel cap on growth and leaf microstructure of in vitro plantlets of Artemisia annua L.

Necessity of medium nutrient modification for production of cell biomass yield and rosmarinic acid in the cell suspension cultures of Orthosiphon stamineus Benth.