Chip-scale atomic devices combine elements of precision atomic spectroscopy, silicon micromachining, and advanced diode laser technology to create compact, low-power, and manufacturable instruments with high precision and stability. Microfabricated alkali vapor cells are at the heart of most of these technologies, and the fabrication of these cells is discussed in detail. We review the design, fabrication, and performance of chip-scale atomic clocks, magnetometers, and gyroscopes and discuss many applications in which these novel instruments are being used. Finally, we present prospects for future generations of miniaturized devices, such as photonically integrated systems and manufacturable devices, which may enable embedded absolute measurement of a broad range of physical quantities.

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Chip-scale atomic devices

We report on the search for a $CPT$- and Lorentz-invariance-violating coupling of the $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ and $^{129}\mathrm{Xe}$ nuclear spins (each largely determined by a valence neutron) to posited background tensor fields that permeate the Universe. Our experimental approach is to measure the free precession of nuclear spin polarized $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ and $^{129}\mathrm{Xe}$ atoms in a homogeneous magnetic guiding field of about 400 nT using ${\mathrm{LT}}_{C}$ SQUIDs as low-noise magnetic flux detectors. As the laboratory reference frame rotates with respect to distant stars, we look for a sidereal modulation of the Larmor frequencies of the colocated spin samples. As a result we obtain an upper limit on the equatorial component of the background field interacting with the spin of the bound neutron ${\stackrel{\texttildelow{}}{b}}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}^{\mathrm{n}}l8.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}34}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$ (68% C.L.). Our result improves our previous limit (data measured in 2009) by a factor of 30 and the world's best limit by a factor of 4.

New limit on Lorentz-invariance- and CPT-violating neutron spin interactions using a free-spin-precession He3-Xe129 comagnetometer.

We search for a spin-dependent $P$- and $T$-violating nucleon-nucleon interaction mediated by light pseudoscalar bosons such as axions or axionlike particles. We employ an ultrasensitive low-field magnetometer based on the detection of free precession of colocated $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ and $^{129}\mathrm{Xe}$ nuclear spins using SQUIDs as low-noise magnetic flux detectors. The precession frequency shift in the presence of an unpolarized mass was measured to determine the coupling of pseudoscalar particles to the spin of the bound neutron. For boson masses between 2 and $500\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{eV}$ (force ranges between $3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{m}$ and ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}1}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{m}$) we improved the laboratory upper bounds by up to 4 orders of magnitude.

Constraints on spin-dependent short-range interaction between nucleons

We report a test of the universality of free fall by comparing the gravity acceleration of the ^{87}Rb atoms in m_{F}=+1 versus those in m_{F}=-1, of which the corresponding spin orientations are opposite. A Mach-Zehnder-type atom interferometer is exploited to alternately measure the free fall acceleration of the atoms in these two magnetic sublevels, and the resultant Eotvos ratio is η_{S}=(0.2±1.2)×10^{-7}. This also gives an upper limit of 5.4×10^{-6}  m^{-2} for a possible gradient field of the spacetime torsion. The interferometer using atoms in m_{F}=±1 is highly sensitive to the magnetic field inhomogeneity. A double differential measurement method is developed to alleviate the inhomogeneity influence, of which the effectiveness is validated by a magnetic field modulating experiment.

Test of the Universality of Free Fall with Atoms in Different Spin Orientations

This article reviews the physics and technology of producing large quantities of highly spin-polarized 3He nuclei using spin-exchange (SEOP) and metastability-exchange (MEOP) optical pumping. Both technical developments and deeper understanding of the physical processes involved have led to substantial improvements in the capabilities of both methods. For SEOP, the use of spectrally narrowed lasers and K-Rb mixtures has substantially increased the achievable polarization and polarizing rate. For MEOP nearly lossless compression allows for rapid production of polarized 3He and operation in high magnetic fields has likewise significantly increased the pressure at which this method can be performed, and revealed new phenomena. Both methods have benefitted from development of storage methods that allow for spin-relaxation times of hundreds of hours, and specialized precision methods for polarimetry. SEOP and MEOP are now widely applied for spin-polarized targets, neutron spin filters, magnetic resonance imaging, and precision measurements.

Optically polarized 3 He

We discuss the design and performance of a very sensitive low-field magnetometer based on the detection of free spin precession
of gaseous, nuclear polarized 3He or 129Xe samples with a SQUID as magnetic flux detector. The device will be employed to
control fluctuating magnetic
fields and gradients in a new experiment searching for a permanent electric dipole moment of the neutron. Furthermore, with the
detection of the free precession of co-located 3He/129Xe nuclear spins it can be used as ultra-sensitive probe for
non-magnetic spin interactions, since the magnetic dipole interaction (Zeeman-term) drops out. Characteristic spin precession times
T2
 * of up to 60 h were measured. The achieved signal-to-noise ratio of more than 5000:1 leads to an expected sensitivity level
(Cramer-Rao lower bound) of δB≈1 fT after an integration time of 220 s and of δB≈10-4 fT after one day.
By means of a co-located 3He/129Xe magnetometer, noise sources inherent in the magnetometer could be investigated,
showing
that CRLB is fulfilled, at least down to δB≈10-2 fT. The reason for such a high sensitivity is that free precessing
3He (129Xe) nuclear spins are almost completely
decoupled from the environment. Therefore, this type of magnetometer is particularly attractive for precision field measurements where
long-term stability is required.

Ultra-sensitive magnetometry based on free precession of nuclear spins

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Ultra-sensitive magnetometry based on free precession of nuclear spins