In this paper, we show some recent experimental applications of Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (BOTDA) based sensors for geotechnical monitoring. In particular, how these sensors can be applied to detecting early movements of soil slopes by the direct embedding of suitable fiber cables in the ground is presented. Furthermore, the same technology can be used to realize innovative inclinometers, as well as smart foundation anchors.

Brillouin optical time-domain analysis for geotechnical monitoring

We present the status of our work on a tube shaped 3D deformation sensor based on continuously distributed fiber
optic sensing. A sensor tube of very large diameter is used to ensure high sensitivity while the transportability
and applicability are still comfortable due to our application strategy. The setup is designed to use different
measurement techniques in the applied optical fibers including Brillouin based measurements and interferometric
optical frequency domain measurements using an OBR 4400 from Luna Technologies.

Highly sensitive fiber optic inclinometer: easy to transport and easy to install

............................................................................................................................................................ 13 1.1 Rationale of the thesis .......................................................................................................................... 14 1.2 Main objectives of the thesis ............................................................................................................... 18 1.3 Structure of the thesis .......................................................................................................................... 19 1.4 Additional remarks .............................................................................................................................. 21 2 Distributed fiber optic sensing techniques .................................................................................................... 23 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................. 23............................................................................................................................................................ 23 2.

A Study of the Novel Approaches to Soil Displacement Monitoring Using Distributed Fiber Optic Strain Sensing

Fibre‐optic point sensors can be certainly regarded as a significant advancement for structural health monitoring (SHM) over the use of conventional electrical sensors. This chapter provides a brief introduction to the fundamentals of distributed fibre‐optic sensors (DFOS). It focuses on the two main DFOS types that deemed suitable for the SHM: distributed temperature sensors (DTS) based on the Raman scattering effect and distributed temperature and strain sensors (DTSS) based on the Brillouin scattering effect. There are other types of DFOS that are based on Rayleigh scattering effect either working in the time or frequency domains. DTS based on Raman scattering were the first DFOS to be widely deployed in industrial applications. The chapter describes three major application areas for DFOS‐based SHM: civil and geotechnical engineering, hydraulic structures, and electric power transmission and distribution.

Structural Health Monitoring Using Distributed Fibre‐Optic Sensors

Safety while tunneling is one of the main challenges for underground constructions, avoiding
confinement losses, which remain an important risk for public works, leading to additional delays and high
insurance costs. In such applications, usual surface instrumentations cannot be set up because of high building
density in many overcrowded cities. Tunnelling deals with the challenge of requiring ground surface
undisturbed. One original concept proposed in the framework of the European Tunconstruct project, consists
in very early settlement detection close to the tunnel vault and before any detectable effect on the surface. The
adopted solution is to set-up a sensing element inserted into a directional drilling excavated above the
foreseen tunnel. The methodology is based on the well known Brillouin Optical Time Domain Reflectometry
(B-OTDR) in singlemode optical fibres and a special cable design dedicated to bending measurement. Two
cables, based on different industrial manufacturing processes, have been developed taking into account the
strain sensitivity required, the flexibility and the robustness for borehole installation, a low power attenuation
and storage on a drum. Industrial prototypes have been manufactured and validated with tests in open air
where settlement profiles geometry can be accurately controlled. Demonstration on job site took place on The
Greater Cairo Metro Line 3 (CML3) at the beginning of 2009.

Brillouin optical fiber distributed sensor for settlement monitoring while tunneling the metro line 3 in Cairo, Egypt

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Brillouin optical fiber distributed sensor for settlement monitoring while tunneling the metro line 3 in Cairo, Egypt