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Stocking density has been identified as one of the main factors affecting fish growth, welfare and behavior. However, few studies have focused on the effects of stocking density on fish health in integrated rice–fish farming systems. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different stocking densities on the growth performance, physiological parameters, redox status and lipid metabolism of Micropterus salmoides in an integrated rice–fish farming system. The fish were reared at three densities: low density (LD, 40 g/m3), medium density (MD, 80 g/m3) and high density (HD, 120 g/m3) for 90 days. At the end of the experiment, fish reared in the MD and HD groups showed lower growth performance than those from the LD group. The HD treatment significantly altered the physiological parameters, including glucose and lactate. Meanwhile, the HD treatment induced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation after 90 days of farming. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis revealed that HD treatment led to abnormal lipid metabolism. Interestingly, we found the suppression of three key pathways related to lipid metabolism, including the PPAR, insulin and adipocytokine signaling pathways, in the HD group. Overall, our data indicated that the HD treatment inhibited growth and caused physiological responses, oxidative stress and abnormal hepatic lipid metabolism in M. salmoides in an integrated rice–fish farming system.

/pdf/effects-of-stocking-density-on-the-growth-performance-s9uxq096.pdf

Effects of Stocking Density on the Growth Performance, Physiological Parameters, Redox Status and Lipid Metabolism of Micropterus salmoides in Integrated Rice–Fish Farming Systems

Preventive measures to limit the spread of Trioza erytreae (Del Guercio) (Hemiptera: Triozidae) in mainland Europe

Huanglongbing (HLB) or ‘citrus greening’ is the most destructive disease in citrus production worldwide and no cure is available at present. This disease is caused by a phloem-limited, non-cultured, Gram-negative alpha-proteobacteria, Candidatus Liberibacter spp., vectored by the psyllids, Diaphorina citri and Trioza erytreae. Practically all commercial citrus species and cultivars are sensitive, regardless of rootstocks used. Foliar symptoms produced by HLB can easily go unnoticed and often be confused with those induced by nutrient deficiencies or other endemic diseases. Low concentration and the uneven spatial and temporal distribution of the pathogen in host plants and insect vectors make the detection even more difficult. Currently molecular techniques based on polymerase chain reaction are mainly used for the identification of HLB disease, which requires exhaustive sampling and processing operations. Furthermore, researches are ongoing in spectroscopic and imaging techniques, profiling of plant volatile organic compounds, and isothermal amplification approaches. This review provides a comprehensive overview on the various diagnostic techniques available for HLB and also discusses the recent advancements in HLB disease detection.

Diagnostics for Citrus Greening Disease (Huanglongbing): Current and Emerging Technologies

Seasonal variation and detection frequency of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus in Binchuan, Yunnan province China

Huanglongbling (HLB) is one of the most devastating diseases of citrus trees. In Argentina, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLA) –the causal agent of HLB- was detected for the first time in Misiones province in 2012 in a family farm. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence and the genetic diversity of CLA in Argentina between 2012 and 2016. A nested-PCR method using specific primers allowed the detection of CLA in citrus leaves by amplification of a 1160-bp fragment from the 16S rDNA. A total of 76 of 1187 samples (6.4%) were positive for CLA. Positive samples were found in all of the years analyzed, being 2016 the one with the largest share (8.5% 21/248). Seven of these fragments from different years and locations were sequenced and confirmed to belong to CLA. These samples were phylogenetically related with other sequences from the rest of the world. The Argentinean sequences did not form a monophyletic group. However, the comparison of CLA isolates using these genomic sequences has shown little variation among isolates and, thus, further analysis using other genomic regions must be conducted.

Citrus huanglongbing in Argentina: detection and phylogenetic studies of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus

Artificial vision systems allow automating tasks that require trained personnel to identify relevant characteristics of certain objects. This paper describes the development of a mobile application that uses deep learning techniques to identify symptoms of Huanglongbing and nutritional deficiencies in citrus tree leaves. The transfer learning models Inception and MobileNet using Tensorflow and Python were evaluated. A mobile application was created for Android that managed to correctly classify 89% of the sheet images of an evaluation set using the MobileNet model. The application generated will improve the identification of symptoms in leaves of citrus trees during monitoring in citrus plantations.

/pdf/identificacion-de-sintomas-de-huanglongbing-en-hojas-de-rpbkjbls4s.pdf

Identificación de síntomas de Huanglongbing en hojas de cítricos mediante técnicas de deep learning

/pdf/identificacion-de-sintomas-de-huanglongbing-en-hojas-de-4ak50w23hd.pdf

The present 360-day study aimed to evaluate the productive performance, economic profit and meat quality of pacu cultured in floating cages at different stocking densities. A total of 2880 juvenile pacu, initial weight 50 ± 0.9 g, were reared in eight floating cages of 18.375 m3. Two stoking densities were used: high stocking density (HSD; 26 fish/m3) and low stocking density (LSD; 13 fish/m3). On days 0, 90, 180, 270 and 360, 100 fish per group were used to determine the growth performance, productive indices and total economic profit. The total economic profit was calculated by indices that include the fish price, feed conversion ratio and diet cost, among others. On day 360, the chemical composition and fatty acid profile of the muscle tissues were determined. The LSD group had higher final biomass and weight gain than the HSD group (p = 0.0001 and p < 0.0001 respectively), which was probably associated with the higher protein efficiency ratio obtained in the LSD group (p < 0.05). Additionally, the economic profit from LSD on day 360 was 1.2 times higher than that from HSD (p < 0.0001). More protein and lipid contents were obtained from LSD (p = 0.0035 and p < 0.0001 respectively) while more moisture was obtained from the HSD (p < 0.0001) group. In addition, more eicosapentaenoic (EPA) (p = 0.0013), docosapentaenoic (DPA) (p = 0.0001) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) (p = 0.0003) fatty acids were obtained from LSD. We concluded that when pacu are cultured in floating cages, 13 fish/m3 density produce fish with more weight and better muscle chemical composition, improving the economic profit and the nutritional quality. 

Effects of stocking density on productive performance, economic profit and muscle chemical composition of pacu (
 Piaractus mesopotamicus
 H) cultured in floating cages

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Citrus huanglongbing in Argentina: detection and phylogenetic studies of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus

Identificación de síntomas de Huanglongbing en hojas de cítricos mediante técnicas de deep learning

Identificación de síntomas de Huanglongbing en hojas de cítricos mediante técnicas de deep learning

Effects of stocking density on productive performance, economic profit and muscle chemical composition of pacu ( Piaractus mesopotamicus H) cultured in floating cages