This review paper examines the structure of the EU aquaculture sector, the contribution it makes to the EU economy and the policy environment for past and future development. The primary analysis uses statistical data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations which has been re-categorized according to species groups established by the European Aquaculture Technology and Innovation Platform (EATiP) and by culture system type using expert knowledge. Additional data sources for the analysis include the European Market Observatory for Fisheries and Aquaculture Products (EUMOFA) and the European Commission Scientific, Technical and Economic Committee for Fisheries. EU aquaculture production was 1.34 million tonnes in 2012 with a first sale value of €4.76 billion. Shellfish comprised 45 % by volume and 28 % by value; marine fish 30 % by volume and 53 % by value; and freshwater fish 25 % by volume and 19 % by value. The total production volume has actually fallen slightly from 1.4 million tonnes in 2000, whilst the value has increased significantly from 2.79 billion in 2000, mainly due to a growth in Atlantic salmon production. Five countries accounted for around 78 % of the direct output value of EU aquaculture in 2012, the UK, France, Greece, Italy and Spain. Around 50 % of the direct output value was generated using marine cage systems (28 % by volume), whilst less than 3 % of value was generated in recirculated aquaculture systems (<1.5 % by volume). Around 5 % of value was contributed by extensive to semi-intensive inland and coastal pond systems. STECF (2014) estimates there are between 14,000 and 15,000 aquaculture enterprises in the EU employing around 80,000 people, approximately 40,000 full-time equivalent (FTE). The greatest number of jobs (FTE) is provided by the freshwater pond and suspended shellfish sectors due to much lower productivity figures. This could be seen as a social benefit in rural and coastal regions, but corresponding low wages could also discourage young entrants to the industry and lead to dependency on migrant workers. Where efficiencies can be improved through capital investment there is likely to be significant scope for consolidation of ownership as can be observed in the marine fish sector. The output from aquaculture has to find a place within the wider fish and seafood market where volumes are generally inversely related to price. The potential growth of the sector is therefore constrained both in relation to the overall market and with respect to competition from substitute products. These include product from EU capture fisheries as well as imports from third countries (sourced from aquaculture and capture fisheries). Whilst interactions between individual products can be hard to demonstrate, any increase in production costs is likely to lead to lower output volumes, whilst improvements in production efficiency can lead to increased output volumes. With around 60 % of EU fish and seafood supply obtained through imports, and little prospect of increasing outputs from capture fisheries, EU policy is generally supportive of sustainable aquaculture development for reasons of food security and economic development. The underlying basis for this is maximizing the quality and health benefits of farmed products, whilst improving resource efficiency and minimizing impacts. This is expressed through funding support for research and technological development and structural funds to the fisheries and aquaculture industries. However, constraints to growth also exist in the form of regulatory barriers and costs that reduce industry competitiveness. Changing market requirements are also a factor. Prospects for growth have been assessed using the results of EATiP stakeholder workshops combined with the analysis of the sector by system type. These suggest an overall increase in production by 55 % is possible by 2030 based mainly on expansion of marine cage-based farming using larger systems in more exposed sites and similarly shellfish farming using larger-scale suspended systems. Expansion of recirculated aquaculture systems appears likely based on entrepreneurial and European policy for research and technological development activity, although constrained by currently low competitiveness.

/pdf/an-assessment-of-the-economic-contribution-of-eu-aquaculture-3dkawvh8ri.pdf

An assessment of the economic contribution of EU aquaculture production and the influence of policies for its sustainable development

Ulva fenestrata is an economically and ecologically important green algal species with a large potential in seaweed aquaculture due to its high productivity, wide environmental tolerance, as well as interesting functional and nutritional properties. Here, we performed a series of manipulative cultivation experiments in order to investigate the effects of irradiance (50, 100, and 160 μmol photons m−2 s−1), temperature (13 and 18 °C), nitrate (< 5, 150, and 500 μM), phosphate (< 1 and 50 μM), and pCO2 (200, 400, and 2500 ppm) on the relative growth rate and biochemical composition (fatty acid, protein, phenolic, ash, and biochar content) in indoor tank cultivation of Swedish U. fenestrata. High irradiance and low temperature were optimal for the growth of this northern hemisphere U. fenestrata strain, but addition of nutrients or changes in pCO2 levels were not necessary to increase growth. Low irradiance resulted in the highest fatty acid, protein, and phenolic content, while low temperature had a negative effect on the fatty acid content but a positive effect on the protein content. Addition of nutrients (especially nitrate) increased the fatty acid, protein, and phenolic content. High nitrate levels decreased the total ash content of the seaweeds. The char content of the seaweeds did not change in response to any of the manipulated factors, and the only significant effect of changes in pCO2 was a negative relationship with phenolic content. We conclude that the optimal cultivation conditions for Swedish U. fenestrata are dependent on the desired biomass traits (biomass yield or biochemical composition).

/pdf/effects-of-irradiance-temperature-nutrients-and-pco2-on-the-312d5z8p70.pdf

Effects of irradiance, temperature, nutrients, and pCO2 on the growth and biochemical composition of cultivated Ulva fenestrata

The development of marine intensive land-based aquaculture systems has been limited due to the absence of methods to manage saline wastewater. Aquaponic systems, although commonly applied to freshwater aquaculture, can potentially manage nutrient wastes while providing a secondary product. The aim of this study was to evaluate both the capacity for water treatment and the production requirements of two saltwater-tolerant plant species (Sesuvium portulacastrum and Batis maritima) when grown hydroponically in a marine aquaponic system. The presence of plants was found to significantly contribute to nitrate removal, such that mean nitrate concentrations were 10.1 ± 5.4 and 12.1 ± 6.1 mg/L NO3−-N in planted and unplanted treatments respectively. The use of coconut fibre as a planting medium also significantly contributed to nitrate removal, such that mean nitrate concentrations were 9.78 ± 5.4 and 12.4 ± 6.0 mg/L NO3−-N in coconut fibre and expanded clay treatments respectively. Daily nitrogen removal was greatest in the coconut fibre/plants treatment, ranging from −18% to 67%. Hydraulic loading rate, plant species and plant density did not significantly affect water quality or plant growth. The low flow/saltwort/low density treatment had the greatest mean daily nitrogen removal, ranging from 25% to 172%. The results indicate that the main nitrogen removal mechanisms were simultaneous nitrification–denitrification in the hydroponic plant beds and nitrogen removal through plant growth. This study demonstrates that marine aquaponics could be an effective way to manage nutrient removal in marine land-based aquaculture systems.

Effect of Support Medium, Hydraulic Loading Rate and Plant Density on Water Quality and Growth of Halophytes in Marine Aquaponic Systems

Parameters affecting the analytical profile of fatty acids in the macroalgal genus Ulva.

This study is aimed at the isolation and screening of alginate lyase-producing bacteria from the gastrointestinal tracts of hybrid abalone, Haliotis rubra x H. laevigata, as probiotic candidates. Six bacterial isolates were detected to produce alginate lyase. Of these, the isolate with the highest alginate-lyase activity was identified as Enterobacter ludwigii strain EN-119, displaying 99% similarity of 16S rDNA sequence. Further assays indicated that E. ludwigii showed good viability and stability when it was incorporated into manufactured pellets and stored at 4°C for 7 days. The isolate also had high tolerance of high salinity (35 mg/L), low pH in simulated stomach juice (5) and to simulated intestinal juice containing surfactants such as bile salts and gastric enzymes (pepsin and trypsin). Additionally, a short, preliminary study indicated that supplementation of E. ludwigii via manufactured pellets improved the total weight gain and specific growth rate of hybrid abalone. These results suggest that E. ludwigii is a potential probiont for shortening the culture period of hybrid abalone.

Isolation of alginate lyase-producing bacteria and screening for their potential characteristics as abalone probionts.

In this study, thalli of brown seaweed Treptacantha barbata (Stackhouse) Orellana & Sanson were cultured under four colors of LED light (yellow, blue, green, and red) with cool white fluorescent light as a control, to test how the spectral composition of light affected their growth and biochemical composition under laboratory cultivation. The intensity was 100 μmol photon m2 s−1 of light. The specific growth rates, pigment and proximate compositions, sodium alginate, and fatty acid composition of the thalli were studied. The red LEDs provided the highest specific growth rate. The highest lipid content of the thalli of T. barbata occurred under both fluorescent light and green LED lights. Blue LED light produced the highest sodium alginate content (p ≤ .05). The results for fatty acid methyl esters showed that all four LED light sources influenced the fatty acid contents of T. barbata. The polyunsaturated fatty acid levels of T. barbata cultured in LED light sources were extremely high. We suggest that LED lights could be used to grow T. barbata in replacement of the fluorescent lighting currently used.

Effect of LED light sources on the growth and chemical composition of brown seaweed Treptacantha barbata

Bu calismada, Ulva rigida’nin buyume ve besin icerigi uzerine sodyum asetat ve karbondioksitin etkisi arastirilmistir. Ilk denemede, Conway ortamina ek olarak alti farkli sodyum asetat konsantrasyonu; 3,05 mM (1. grup), 6,10 mM (2. grup), 12,20 mM (3. grup), 24,40 mM (4. grup), 36,60 mM (5. grup) ve 48,80 mM (6. grup) kullanilmistir. En yuksek biyomas verimi 6. gruptan elde edilmistir. Ikinci denemede Conway ortamina ek olarak bes farkli CO2 konsantrasyonu; 14,20 mM (I. grup), 28,40 mM (II. grup), 42,60 mM (III. grup), 56,81 mM (IV. grup) ve 71,01 mM (V. grup) uygulanmistir. En yuksek biyomas verimi CO2 kullanilan III. grup icin hesaplanmistir. En yuksek ham protein icerigi 56,81 mM CO2 uygulanan IV. grupta %24,55±0,41 olarak bulunmustur. En yuksek yag icerigi 2. grupta %8,28±0,08 olarak belirlenmistir. Calisma sonucunda Ulva rigida’nin biyomas artisi miktarinin ve besin iceriginin karbon kaynaklarindan etkilendigi belirlenmistir

https://www.egejfas.org/tr/download/article-file/57378

Yeşil alglerden Ulva rigida (C. Agardh) kültürüne farklı karbon kaynaklarının etkisi.

Effect of different carbon sources on green algae Ulva rigida (C. Agardh) culture.

In this study, the effect of sodium acetate (C2H3NaO2) and sodium nitrate (NaNO3) concentrations on proximate and fatty acid composition of Ulva rigida (C. Agardh) was studied. Two trials were carried out. In the first experiment, the C2H3NaO2 was used as an organic carbon sources and five different concentrations of C2H3NaO2 were added; 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 g/l. In the second trial, at the beginning of the experiment, 1 g/l C2H3NaO2 was added all groups, but the nitrogen regimes of the groups were changed. Five different nitrogen concentrations were used; 0.2 g/(l d), 0.3 g/(l d), 0.4 g/(l d), 0.6 g/(l d), and 0.11 g/(l d). According to our results, U. rigida cultivated with C2H3NaO2 and NaNO3 can successfully be used for both animal and human nutrition. The fatty acid methyl esters results showed that fatty acid contents of U. rigida were influenced by carbon (C2H3NaO2) and nitrogen (NaNO3) concentrations. The saturated fatty acids levels of U. rigida cultured in different NaNO3 concentrations were very high. The results indicated that C2H3NaO2 and NaNO3 addition during the culturing had considerable affects on proximate and fatty acid composition of the U. rigida. Using both C2H3NaO2 and NaNO3 offers a balanced fatty acid composition for both animal and human nutrition.

Effect of sodium acetate and sodium nitrate on biochemical composition of green algae Ulva rigida

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Effect of LED light sources on the growth and chemical composition of brown seaweed Treptacantha barbata

Yeşil alglerden Ulva rigida (C. Agardh) kültürüne farklı karbon kaynaklarının etkisi.

Effect of different carbon sources on green algae Ulva rigida (C. Agardh) culture.

Effect of sodium acetate and sodium nitrate on biochemical composition of green algae Ulva rigida