2.3. Evaluation of Photocatalytic Water Splitting 6507 2.3.1. Photocatalytic Activity 6507 2.3.2. Photocatalytic Stability 6507 3. UV-Active Photocatalysts for Water Splitting 6507 3.1. d0 Metal Oxide Photocatalyts 6507 3.1.1. Ti-, Zr-Based Oxides 6507 3.1.2. Nb-, Ta-Based Oxides 6514 3.1.3. W-, Mo-Based Oxides 6517 3.1.4. Other d0 Metal Oxides 6518 3.2. d10 Metal Oxide Photocatalyts 6518 3.3. f0 Metal Oxide Photocatalysts 6518 3.4. Nonoxide Photocatalysts 6518 4. Approaches to Modifying the Electronic Band Structure for Visible-Light Harvesting 6519

Semiconductor-based Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation

UV-Visible ار راد ن .د TiO2 ( تیفرظ راون مان هب نورتکلا یاراد یژرنا زارت لماش VB و ) رگید زارت ی یژرنا اب ( ییاناسر راون مان هب نورتکلا زا یلاخ و رتلااب VB یم ) .دشاب ت ود نیا نیب یژرنا توافت یژرنا فاکش زار ، پگ دناب هدیمان یم .دوش هک ینامز زا نورتکلا لاقتنا VB هب VB یم ماجنا دریگ ، TiO2 اب ودح یژرنا بذج د ev 2 / 3 ، نورتکلا تفج کی دیلوت یم هرفح .دیامن و نورتکلا هرفح ی نا اب هدش دیلوت یم کرتشم حطس هب لاقت ثعاب دناوت شنکاو ماجنا اه یی ددرگ . TiO2 دربراک ،دراد یدایز یاه هلمج زا یم ناوت اوه یگدولآ هیفصت یارب (CO2) و بآ و ... نآ زا هدافتسا درک .

Advanced Nanoarchitectures for Solar Photocatalytic Applications

Solar-driven water splitting provides a leading approach to store the abundant yet intermittent solar energy and produce hydrogen as a clean and sustainable energy carrier. A straightforward route to light-driven water splitting is to apply self-supported particulate photocatalysts, which is expected to allow solar hydrogen to be competitive with fossil-fuel-derived hydrogen on a levelized cost basis. More importantly, the powder-based systems can lend themselves to making functional panels on a large scale while retaining the intrinsic activity of the photocatalyst. However, all attempts to generate hydrogen via powder-based solar water-splitting systems to date have unfortunately fallen short of the efficiency values required for practical applications. Photocatalysis on photocatalyst particles involves three sequential steps: (i) absorption of photons with higher energies than the bandgap of the photocatalysts, leading to the excitation of electron-hole pairs in the particles, (ii) charge separation and migration of these photoexcited carriers, and (iii) surface chemical reactions based on these carriers. In this review, we focus on the challenges of each step and summarize material design strategies to overcome the obstacles and limitations. This review illustrates that it is possible to employ the fundamental principles underlying photosynthesis and the tools of chemical and materials science to design and prepare photocatalysts for overall water splitting.

Particulate Photocatalysts for Light-Driven Water Splitting: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Design Strategies

Overall water splitting to produce H 2 and O 2 over a semiconductor photocatalyst using solar energy is a promising process for the large-scale production of clean, recyclable H 2 . Numerous attempts have been made to develop photocatalysts that function under visible-light irradiation to efficiently utilize solar energy. In general, overall water splitting over a photocatalyst particle can be achieved by modifying the photocatalyst with a suitable cocatalyst to provide an active redox site. Therefore, the development of active photocatalytic materials has relied on both photocatalysts and cocatalysts. This review article describes the historical development of water-splitting photocatalysts.

Photocatalytic water splitting using semiconductor particles: History and recent developments

Large-scale hydrogen production from water using only solar energy is an ultimate goal for the supply of clean, recyclable energy, and several reactions and schemes have been proposed. Overall water splitting using a particulate photocatalyst is one attractive solution with a wide range of applications. A number of photocatalysts have been proposed, and some have achieved high quantum efficiencies. Unfortunately, most of these photocatalysts consist of metal oxides and work only in the ultraviolet (UV) region. To effectively utilize solar energy, it is necessary to develop a material that will function under visible light. This paper reviews the recent development of such a photocatalyst, specifically focusing on efforts by the authors’ group to prepare a solid solution of GaN and ZnO. This new material is capable of splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen under visible light (λ > 400 nm) with good reproducibility.

Solid Solution of GaN and ZnO as a Stable Photocatalyst for Overall Water Splitting under Visible Light

A series of oxynitride phases in the Zn−Ge−O−N solid solution, with the Zn/Ge ratio varying from 1.4 to 1.9, have been prepared according to different synthetic routes in order to determine the influence of the preparation step on the photocatalytic activity for overall water splitting. Preliminary tests were done in the presence of sacrificial agents to test separately the ability of each phase for photoreduction and photo-oxidation. Compositions with the lowest Zn/Ge ratios are active for photoreduction while compositions with a high crystallization state present a higher activity for photo-oxidation of water. Overall water splitting was achieved only with phases active for photoreduction and appears to be likely linked to a necessary condition implying a low Zn/Ge content.

Zinc Germanium Oxynitride: Influence of the Preparation Method on the Photocatalytic Properties for Overall Water Splitting

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Zinc Germanium Oxynitride: Influence of the Preparation Method on the Photocatalytic Properties for Overall Water Splitting