Detecting a specific horizon in seismic images is a valuable tool for geologic interpretation. Because hand picking the locations of the horizon is a time-consuming process, automated compu...

Multiresolution neural networks for tracking seismic horizons from few training images

A system and method may model physical geological structures. Seismic and geologic data may be accepted. A three-dimensional (3D) transformation may be generated between a 3D present day model having points representing present locations of the physical geological structures and a 3D past depositional model having points representing locations where the physical geological structures were originally deposited. An indication may be accepted to locally change the 3D transformation for a subset of sampling points in a first model of the models. The 3D transformation may be locally changed to fit the updated subset of sampling points. A locally altered or updated version of the first model and, e.g., second model, may be displayed where local changes to the first model are defined by the locally changed 3D transformation. The transformation may also be used to extract geobodies in the past depositional model.

Systems and methods for coordinated editing of seismic data in dual model

A method and system for modeling a subsurface structure at a time when the structure was originally formed. A first model having non-planar horizons representing a current subsurface structure may be used to calculate a vector field based on the non-planar geometry of the horizons of the model. The vector field may be non-uniform or uniform. Geographic coordinates of the first model may be transformed to paleo-geographic coordinates of a model representing the subsurface structure in the past, where the non-planar horizons in the first model are transformed to planar horizons in the second model. A set of points describing one or more fractures in the subsurface structure may be used to calculate a tuning parameter to correct a first set of paleo-geographic coordinates. A second set of coordinates representing an improved prediction at a time period when the subsurface structure was originally formed may be generated.

Systems and methods for building axes, co-axes and paleo-geographic coordinates related to a stratified geological volume

Seismic image flattening is a common task in geophysical interpretation and is typically used to identify stratigraphic features within a seismic image. 3D seismic images are normally interpreted by viewing 2D slices of the image on a desktop computer. Unfortunately, It can be difficult for an interpreter to identify features of the subsurface by viewing horizontal slices or axis-aligned probes of an image because geologic features are rarely aligned with the axes of a seismic survey. Seismic image flattening attempts to reverse the effects of geologic processes by removing all of the geologic structure present in the image and thereby transforming the image into layers as they were deposited in geologic time; i.e., flattening transforms a seismic image to make the structural features in the image flat. Stratigraphic features such as channels are easier to recognize after flattening because an interpreter is able to view an entire geologic interface at once. Typically, a flattened seismic image is created by shifting samples in the original image up or down. This means that parts of the original image are stretched in some areas and squeezed in others to flatten the features in the image. Traditionally, flattening is performed by having an interpreter manually pick events in a seismic image. This picking process requires specialized training and can be timeconsuming. I present a method for seismic image flattening that is completely automatic. This new flattening algorithm uses the structure tensor to estimate the local dip of every sample in a seismic image and a linear least squares inversion to solve for the shifts that will flatten the image.

Seismic image flattening as a linear inverse problem

A method, apparatus and system for, in a computing system, perturbing an initial three-dimensional (3D) geological model using a 3D vector field. A coherent 3D vector field including 3D vectors may be generated where each 3D vector of the 3D vector field is associated with a node of the initial 3D geological model and has a magnitude within a range of uncertainty of the node of the initial 3D geological model associated therewith. The coherent 3D vector field may be applied to the initial 3D geological model associated therewith to generate an perturbed 3D model. The perturbed 3D model may differ from the initial 3D geological model by a displacement defined by the 3D vector field associated with nodes having uncertain values. The perturbed 3D model may be displayed.

Systems and processes for building multiple equiprobable coherent geometrical models of the subsurface

This paper presents a new way of flattening the seismic in 3D using a new space/time framework. The parameterization of the seismic data is based on the interpreted faults and main stratigraphic events, and a stratigraphic column is used to grant its geological consistency. The result is a new flattened space where all the horizons are flattened and where any data can be mapped for visualization. Interpretation can be performed in this flattened space, and the result can be mapped back to the regular geological space.

/pdf/new-3d-flattened-space-for-seismic-interpretation-jh5bqvmxrt.pdf

New 3D Flattened Space For Seismic Interpretation

OBJECTIVE
Vasa previa (VP) is a condition characterized by fetal blood vessels located on the amniotic membranes and outside the placenta, within 2 cm from internal os. The most common forms of VP are associated to velamentous cord insertion (type I) or to bilobed-succenturiate placenta (type II), located across the cervix. A rare form of VP, not necessarily associated to other placental or vascular anomalies, involves aberrant vessels running from the placenta to the amniotic membranes, nearby the internal os, and then turning back to the placenta (type III). Although early diagnosis of type III VP is important, it often technically challenging and difficult. The objective of our study is to gather the current available evidence on type III VP related to prenatal diagnosis and perinatal outcome.


METHODS
A systematic review of the literature was carried out according to PRISMA guidelines from inception up to March 2023 using common internet-based databases (PubMed, Scopus and EMBASE) looking for perinatal diagnosis of atypical type III vasa previa. Data extraction and tabulation was carried out by two different operators and double-checked by a third senior author. Quality assessment of the included studies was realized using the National Institute of Health (NIH) tool for the quality assessment of Case Series Studies. Recent unpublished cases were searched in our local ultrasound database. Frequencies and proportions of prenatally vs. postnatally diagnosed type III VP were summarized, including clinical expression and perinatal outcomes.


RESULTS
Eighteen cases of type III VP were detected: 16 with prenatal diagnosis (14 from 10 publications and 2 unpublished from our center) and 2 with postnatal diagnosis from two publications. All cases with prenatal diagnosis were assessed by transvaginal ultrasound at a mean gestational age of 29 weeks (median 31 weeks; range 19-38 weeks). Conception was achieved with IVF in 4/16 (25%), there were no prenatal symptoms in 15/18 cases (83.3%), in two cases (11.1 %) there was vaginal bleeding and in one (5.6%) preterm labour. Only 3/18 (16.6%) cases had no placental abnormality and 15/18 (83.3 %) showed at least one placental abnormality including: low-lying insertion (9/17), succenturiate or accessory lobe (1/17), velamentous cord insertion (3/18), marginal insertion (9/18). All cases with prenatal diagnosis were liveborn with cesarean section before rupture of membranes at a mean gestational age of 35.4 weeks (range 32-38) without neonatal complications. Emergent cesarean section was observed in 2/16 cases with prenatal diagnosis and 1/2 cases with postnatal diagnosis (rates: 12.5% vs 50%; p-value: 0.179), Apgar score≤7 at 1 or 5 minutes in prenatally vs postnatally diagnosed cases was observed in 5/16 vs 1/2 cases (p=0.595) and 3/16 vs 1/2 cases (p=0.316), respectively.


CONCLUSIONS
The prenatal diagnosis of VP type III is challenging with few cases reported in the literature; however, it minimizes the risks of an adverse outcome with intact membranes early-term elective cesarean delivery. Since clinical manifestations and risk factors are not specific, and type III VP cannot be excluded when there is a normal cord insertion or just one placental mass, a generalized screening by transvaginal ultrasound in the general population is recommended, particularly in presence of low-lying or morphologically abnormal placentas and medically assisted reproduction. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Prenatal diagnosis and postnatal outcome of type III vasa previa: systematic review of literature.

. Fracture networks linked to the brittle deformation of rocks are often hosts of fluid flows or geomechanical discontinuities which are important to model for rock mass stability analyses, reservoir assessment or storage capacity evaluation. However, the fractures can be mapped only poorly by subsurface geophysics or borehole imagery. 1D scan lines or 2D maps on outcrops analogues are thus one of the current methods used for the assessemet of the networks, but are very limited regarding the 3D distribution of the fractures. This paper shows the first tests and results for a new automated workflow of fracture 5 properties characterization, using high resolution LiDAR and Photogrammetry data on outcrops. From the obtained 3d point clouds on different objects such as quarries, cliffs or road sides, we reconstruct the outcrop surface in a 3D meshed surface with the help of a Simple and Scalable Surface Reconstruction (SSSR). The fracture planes are automatically detected based on a region-growing segmentation approach based on the spatial distribution of the points. It allows to quickly and effectively extract fracture properties such as orientation, geometry and position in the 3d space, with a possibility for direct 3D density 10 computation without using proxies from 1D or 2D data. This paper present the workflow methodology and the tests on 5 basement

A new tool to automatise the characterisation of fracture networks from 3D point cloud data

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New 3D Flattened Space For Seismic Interpretation

Prenatal diagnosis and postnatal outcome of type III vasa previa: systematic review of literature.

A new tool to automatise the characterisation of fracture networks from 3D point cloud data