From the Book:
“Clean code that works” is Ron Jeffries’ pithy phrase. The goal is clean code that works, and for a whole bunch of reasons:
Clean code that works is a predictable way to develop. You know when you are finished, without having to worry about a long bug trail.Clean code that works gives you a chance to learn all the lessons that the code has to teach you. If you only ever slap together the first thing you think of, you never have time to think of a second, better, thing. Clean code that works improves the lives of users of our software.Clean code that works lets your teammates count on you, and you on them.Writing clean code that works feels good.But how do you get to clean code that works? Many forces drive you away from clean code, and even code that works. Without taking too much counsel of our fears, here’s what we do—drive development with automated tests, a style of development called “Test-Driven Development” (TDD for short). 
In Test-Driven Development, you:
Write new code only if you first have a failing automated test.Eliminate duplication.

Two simple rules, but they generate complex individual and group behavior. Some of the technical implications are:You must design organically, with running code providing feedback between decisionsYou must write your own tests, since you can’t wait twenty times a day for someone else to write a testYour development environment must provide rapid response to small changesYour designs must consist of many highly cohesive, loosely coupled components, just to make testing easy

The two rules imply an order to the tasks ofprogramming:
1. Red—write a little test that doesn’t work, perhaps doesn’t even compile at first
2. Green—make the test work quickly, committing whatever sins necessary in the process
3. Refactor—eliminate all the duplication created in just getting the test to work


Red/green/refactor. The TDD’s mantra.

Assuming for the moment that such a style is possible, it might be possible to dramatically reduce the defect density of code and make the subject of work crystal clear to all involved. If so, writing only code demanded by failing tests also has social implications:
If the defect density can be reduced enough, QA can shift from reactive to pro-active workIf the number of nasty surprises can be reduced enough, project managers can estimate accurately enough to involve real customers in daily developmentIf the topics of technical conversations can be made clear enough, programmers can work in minute-by-minute collaboration instead of daily or weekly collaborationAgain, if the defect density can be reduced enough, we can have shippable software with new functionality every day, leading to new business relationships with customers


So, the concept is simple, but what’s my motivation? Why would a programmer take on the additional work of writing automated tests? Why would a programmer work in tiny little steps when their mind is capable of great soaring swoops of design? Courage.
Courage
Test-driven development is a way of managing fear during programming. I don’t mean fear in a bad way, pow widdle prwogwammew needs a pacifiew, but fear in the legitimate, this-is-a-hard-problem-and-I-can’t-see-the-end-from-the-beginning sense. If pain is nature’s way of saying “Stop!”, fear is nature’s way of saying “Be careful.” Being careful is good, but fear has a host of other effects:
Makes you tentativeMakes you want to communicate lessMakes you shy from feedbackMakes you grumpy

None of these effects are helpful when programming, especially when programming something hard. So, how can you face a difficult situation and:
Instead of being tentative, begin learning concretely as quickly as possible.Instead of clamming up, communicate more clearly.Instead of avoiding feedback, search out helpful, concrete feedback.(You’ll have to work on grumpiness on your own.) 

Imagine programming as turning a crank to pull a bucket of water from a well. When the bucket is small, a free-spinning crank is fine. When the bucket is big and full of water, you’re going to get tired before the bucket is all the way up. You need a ratchet mechanism to enable you to rest between bouts of cranking. The heavier the bucket, the closer the teeth need to be on the ratchet.

The tests in test-driven development are the teeth of the ratchet. Once you get one test working, you know it is working, now and forever. You are one step closer to having everything working than you were when the test was broken. Now get the next one working, and the next, and the next. By analogy, the tougher the programming problem, the less ground should be covered by each test.

Readers of Extreme Programming Explained will notice a difference in tone between XP and TDD. TDD isn’t an absolute like Extreme Programming. XP says, “Here are things you must be able to do to be prepared to evolve further.” TDD is a little fuzzier. TDD is an awareness of the gap between decision and feedback during programming, and techniques to control that gap. “What if I do a paper design for a week, then test-drive the code? Is that TDD?” Sure, it’s TDD. You were aware of the gap between decision and feedback and you controlled the gap deliberately.

That said, most people who learn TDD find their programming practice changed for good. “Test Infected” is the phrase Erich Gamma coined to describe this shift. You might find yourself writing more tests earlier, and working in smaller steps than you ever dreamed would be sensible. On the other hand, some programmers learn TDD and go back to their earlier practices, reserving TDD for special occasions when ordinary programming isn’t making progress.

There are certainly programming tasks that can’t be driven solely by tests (or at least, not yet). Security software and concurrency, for example, are two topics where TDD is not sufficient to mechanically demonstrate that the goals of the software have been met. Security relies on essentially defect-free code, true, but also on human judgement about the methods used to secure the software. Subtle concurrency problems can’t be reliably duplicated by running the code.

Once you are finished reading this book, you should be ready to:
Start simplyWrite automated testsRefactor to add design decisions one at a time

This book is organized into three sections.
An example of writing typical model code using TDD. The example is one I got from Ward Cunningham years ago, and have used many times since, multi-currency arithmetic. In it you will learn to write tests before code and grow a design organically.An example of testing more complicated logic, including reflection and exceptions, by developing a framework for automated testing. This example also serves to introduce you to the xUnit architecture that is at the heart of many programmer-oriented testing tools. In the second example you will learn to work in even smaller steps than in the first example, including the kind of self-referential hooha beloved of computer scientists.Patterns for TDD. Included are patterns for the deciding what tests to write, how to write tests using xUnit, and a greatest hits selection of the design patterns and refactorings used in the examples.

I wrote the examples imagining a pair programming session. If you like looking at the map before wandering around, you may want to go straight to the patterns in Section 3 and use the examples as illustrations. If you prefer just wandering around and then looking at the map to see where you’ve been, try reading the examples through and refering to the patterns when you want more detail about a technique, then using the patterns as a reference.

Several reviewers have commented they got the most out of the examples when they started up a programming environment and entered the code and ran the tests as they read.

A note about the examples. Both examples, multi-currency calculation and a testing framework, appear simple. There are (and I have seen) complicated, ugly, messy ways of solving the same problems. I could have chosen one of those complicated, ugly, messy solutions to give the book an air of “reality.” However, my goal, and I hope your goal, is to write clean code that works. Before teeing off on the examples as being too simple, spend 15 seconds imagining a programming world in which all code was this clear and direct, where there were no complicated solutions, only apparently complicated problems begging for careful thought. TDD is a practice that can help you lead yourself to exactly that careful thought.

Test Driven Development: By Example

Information systems strategic alignment---the fit between business strategic orientation and information systems (IS) strategic orientation---is an important concept. This study measured business strategic orientation, IS strategic orientation, and IS strategic alignment, and investigated their implications for perceived IS effectiveness and business performance. Analyses of data gathered in a mail survey of North American financial services and manufacturing firms indicated that 1) business strategic orientation, IS strategic orientation, and IS strategic alignment are modeled best by utilizing holistic, ‘systems’ approaches instead of dimension-specific, ‘bivariate’ approaches, 2) three generic IS strategic orientations can be detected, 3) user information satisfaction does not capture important strategic aspects of IS effectiveness, 4) IS strategic alignment is a better predictor of IS effectiveness than is strategic orientation, and 5) business strategic orientation, IS strategic alignment, and IS effectiveness have positive impacts on business performance.

Business strategic orientation, information systems strategic orientation, and strategic alignment : working paper

The Relationship of Theory and Research

The development of new technologies and their expanding use in a wide range of educational environments are driving the transformation of higher education. Assistive technologies are a subset of cutting-edge technology that can help students learn more effectively and make education accessible to everyone. Assistive technology can enhance, maintain, or improve the capacities of students with learning difficulties. Students with learning difficulties will be greatly benefited from the use of assistive technologies. If these technologies are used effectively, students with learning difficulties can compete with their peers and complete their academic tasks. We aim to conduct this review to better understand the role of assistive technologies in providing inclusive higher education for students with learning difficulties. The review begins with the introduction of learning difficulties and their causes; inclusive education and the need for assistive technologies; the reasoning for conducting this review; and a summary of related reviews on assistive technologies for students with learning difficulties in inclusive higher education. Then, we discuss the preliminaries for the learning difficulties type and assistive technology. Later, we discuss the effects of assistive technology on inclusive higher education for students with learning difficulties. Additionally, we discuss support tools and related projects available in inclusive higher education for students with learning difficulties. We also explore the challenges and potenial solutions related to using assistive technology in higher education to provide inclusive education for students with learning difficulties. We conclude the review with a discussion of promising future directions. 

/pdf/from-assistive-technologies-to-metaverse-technologies-in-2e17m3c0.pdf

From Assistive Technologies to Metaverse – Technologies in Inclusive Higher Education for Students with Specific Learning Difficulties: A Review

Les organisations de type bureaucratique sont generalement presentees dans la theorie de la contingence comme des structures peu adaptees aux environnements instables. Leur taille, leur structure, leur mode de coordination, leurs processus, leur hierarchie, leur regulation, leur mode de decision caracterises par la lourdeur et la lenteur ne conviendraient pas dans un monde ou l'instabilite est omnipresente et reclame une reactivite et une capacite d'adaptation permanente.Pour autant, il existe des organisations de type bureaucratique parfaitement en mesure de repondre au defi de l'agilite organisationnelle indispensable pour se mouvoir dans un environnement instable. Ce projet de recherche a pour objet de mettre en lumiere les dimensions de cette agilite organisationnelle des organisations de type bureaucratique qui pourraient expliquer leur capacite d'adaptation et leur longevite dans des environnements instables.

Adaptation et résilience des organisations de type bureaucratique en contexte extrême : le rôle de l'agilité organisationnelle. : étude de la brigade de sapeurs-pompiers de Paris et de l'arme de Terre

La pr&#233;sente recherche n&#8217;a pas &#233;t&#233; subventionn&#233;e. Cependant, le d&#233;veloppement de la plateforme ARTIREV est actuellement soutenu par une bourse &#171;&#160;French tech Emergence&#160;#x00BB;, Dossier No. DOS0194751/00, de BPI France. Dans le contexte actuel de surcharge informationnelle scientifique, les chercheurs et les praticiens pourraient tirer profit d&#8217;un logiciel bibliom&#233;trique int&#233;gr&#233; pour les aider &#224; conduire leurs revues de la litt&#233;rature existante. En utilisant une approche de recherche ancr&#233;e dans les sciences de la conception ainsi que deux techniques bibliom&#233;triques (l&#8217;analyse de co-citation de r&#233;f&#233;rences cit&#233;es et l&#8217;analyse de couplage bibliographique de documents citant), nous proposons un workflow d&#233;taill&#233; pour conduire des revues de litt&#233;rature et un logiciel int&#233;gr&#233; nomm&#233; ARTIREV (Intelligence ARTIficielle et REVues de litt&#233;rature) que nous &#233;valuons dans les champs du management et de la m&#233;decine. Nous montrons qu&#8217;ARTIREV r&#233;sout trois probl&#232;mes identifi&#233;s dans les outils existants. Ces probl&#232;mes dans les outils existants sont&#160;: (1) la n&#233;cessit&#233; d&#8217;avoir des connaissances bibliom&#233;triques approfondies pour pouvoir effectivement les utiliser&#160;; (2) le nettoyage des donn&#233;es bibliographiques qu&#8217;ils proposent n&#8217;est pas suffisant pour obtenir des r&#233;sultats fiables&#160;; et (3) les repr&#233;sentations graphiques fournies sont visuellement plaisantes, mais souvent difficiles &#224; interpr&#233;ter. Le logiciel r&#233;sultant de notre travail pourrait aider la conduite de revues de litt&#233;rature pour tout type d&#8217;utilisateurs potentiels&#160;: chercheurs et praticiens, experts et n&#233;ophytes en bibliom&#233;trie. 

ARTICLE RETIRÉ : ARTIREV: An Integrated Bibliometric Tool to Efficiently Conduct Quality Literature Reviews

Comment evaluer l’efficacite d’un systeme d’information (SI) ? Il faut evaluer differemment l’efficacite d’un SI destine a une situation normale de gestion, d’un SI destine a une situation extreme. Cela s’explique par le role peripherique des SI destines aux situations normales et, a contrario, par le role « cœur » des SI destines aux situations extremes. Proposer cette reponse a necessite un travail en deux temps qui, dans sa globalite, souligne la preoccupation des praticiens et des chercheurs quant a la question de l’evaluation de l’efficacite des SI.Dans un premier temps, une revue de litterature de l’evaluation en SI a ete menee. Une analyse interpretative ainsi qu’une analyse statistique bibliometrique de la litterature scientifique et des praticiens ont fait emerger les caracteristiques de la notion d’evaluation en SI. Ces caracteristiques ont ete analyses par un codage thematique. Il en resulte d’une part une mise en lumiere des convergences et divergences entre les points de vue des chercheurs et des praticiens sur la notion d’evaluation en SI ; il en resulte d’autre part une proposition de niveaux de maturite pour evaluer l’efficacite d’un SI.Dans un second temps, des cas de SI de cyberadministration ont ete etudies. C’est au travers d’une approche de Design Science (DSR) qu’a ete concu et evalue un artefact qui operationnalise le modele du succes de DeLone et McLean (1992, 2003, 2016) contextualise aux situations de gestion de Girin (1990). Cet artefact permet 1) d’evaluer l’efficacite d’un SI de cyberadministration destine soit a une situation normale de gestion, soit a une situation extreme ; 2) de mesurer la maturite du processus d’evaluation de l’efficacite des SI d’une organisation. En plus de repondre a la question de recherche posee dans cette these, cet artefact a permis de preciser le role paradoxal des SI destines aux situations extremes de gestion. De plus, il doit permettre de reconcilier les praticiens et les chercheurs sur la facon d’evaluer un SI.

https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02557086/document

L'évaluation de l'efficacité des systèmes d'information : des situations normales aux situations extrêmes

This paper aims to explore how does the introduction of blockchain technologies impact trust in existing supply chain relationships. To do so, we conducted a multiple case study through the lens of agency theory. Three Swiss companies which are carrying out blockchain projects for their supply chain have been analyzed in semi-structured interviews and document analysis. Two significant findings of the impact on principal-agent relationships are stressed. Firstly, blockchain technologies can reduce the asymmetry of information, increase the control of agents, and consequently minimize the trust in the principal towards the agents. Secondly and paradoxically, the control mechanisms inherent in these technologies can decrease the agent's trust in the principal. Thus, questioning trust is necessary, both as an antecedent and an unexpected consequence when adopting blockchain technologies. Finally, we provide guidelines for initiating the adoption of blockchain technologies in supply chains. 

Blockchain and agency theory in supply chain management: A question of trust

Cette communication vise a etudier comment les organisations sans but lucratif (OSBL) utilisent les medias sociaux. Afin d'apprehender cette question, nous avons mene deux actions. La premiere, quantitative , fait l'etat des lieux des medias sociaux utilises par 500 OSBL suisses. La seconde, qualitative, explore l'utilisation effective de ces technologies par les OSBL. Notre enquete revele que les medias sociaux sont peu utilises en Suisse par les OSBL. Notre analyse qualitative nous a permis de proposer une categorisation des messages relayes par les OSBL. Enfin, nous livrons des conseils aux e-community managers, puis nous ouvrons quelques pistes de recherche.

https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01155091/document

L'utilisation des médias sociaux par les organisations sans but lucratif : une étude exploratoire

Le taux de reponse est un item cle de la mesure de l'efficacite d'une enquete en ligne. Cependant, les recherches menees dans ce domaine constatent une diminution de ce taux qui peut etre expliquee, notamment par la surexposition des repondants aux enquetes en ligne. En comparant une enquete en ligne standard adressee par un logiciel de gestion d'enquete grand public et une enquete en ligne gamifiee adressee par un logiciel que nous avons developpe sur mesure, nous presentons l'impact de la gamification sur l'efficacite des enquetes en ligne. Nos resultats nous confirment une legere amelioration de l'efficacite et nous forcent a penser qu'il est judicieux, tant pour les praticiens concepteurs d'enquetes que pour les chercheurs de ce domaine, de prendre en consideration les mecanismes de gamification d'autant qu'ils n'influent pas sur la pertinence des resultats.

https://hal-univ-lyon3.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01588827/document

La gamification, un levier d’amélioration de l’efficacité des enquêtes en ligne

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