The preferred conformations of peptides heavily based on the currently extensively exploited achiral and chiral α-amino acids with a quaternary α-carbon atom, as determined by conformational energy computations, crystal-state (x-ray diffraction) analyses, and solution (1H-NMR and spectroscopic) investigations, are reviewed. It is concluded that 310/α-helical structures and the fully extended (C5) conformation are preferentially adopted by peptide sequences characterized by this family of amino acids, depending upon overall bulkiness and nature (e.g., whether acyclic or C ↔ C cyclized) of their side chains. The intriguing relationship between α-carbon chirality and bend/helix handedness is also illustrated. γ-Bends and semiextended conformations are rarely observed. Formation of β-sheet structures is prevented. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 60: 396–419, 2001

Control of peptide conformation by the Thorpe-Ingold effect (C alpha-tetrasubstitution).

Studies in Molecular Replication

The roots of synthetic molecular recognition and supramolecular chemistry itself lie in the investigation of organic ligands for metal cations, and the amount of research done in this field is overwhelming. For a long time, however, far less interest has been focussed on the complexation of anions even if the primal strategies were comparable, and only in recent years have the advances made been increasingly dynamic. In particular receptor molecules for biorelevant species such as amino acids and nucleotides are primary research targets, not least for their potential applications in medicine. In this article the developments which have been made here so far will be summarized and the attentive reader might notice that most of the primary literature cited is less than five years old. The emphasis has not been laid upon structural characteristics or synthetic strategies but rather on the effects the new host molecules give rise to and the functions they may have.

Molecular recognition of organic acids and anions — Receptor models for carboxylates, amino acids, and nucleotides

Synthesis of α,α-dialkylated amino acids with adenine or thymine residues a new mild and facile hydrolysis of hydantoins

Molecules bearing surfaces capable of recognition phenomena can be covalently attached to each other to give self-complementary structures. Such molecules can reveal autocatalytic effects as replicators, and they are able to assemble in a variety of superstructures. Closed-shell assemblies, capable of inclusion phenomena are particularly desirable targets for synthetic and nucleation studies.

/pdf/replication-and-assembly-31t98wospc.pdf

Replication and assembly

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Replication and assembly