A review of recent studies on piezoelectric pumps and their applications

In order to further optimize the overall performance of separable piezoelectric drug delivery pump, a hydraulic-driven piezoelectric pump with separable channel for drug delivery (HPPSCDD) is proposed, which can realize the reuse of piezoelectric actuator. Initially, the influencing factors of the HPPSCDD output performance were analyzed theoretically in the regard of the maximum output flow and optimal working frequency. Then, HPPSCDD prototypes were designed and manufactured. Finally, based on key design parameters combination, the test and analysis of output flow properties were carried out. Experimental results indicated that, the optimum working frequency increases as increase of diaphragm thickness; when diaphragm thickness is fixed, the maximum output flow declines as increase of reservoir chamber height. The optimal performance can reach 8.70 ml/min at 20 Hz for the combination of 0.1 mm diaphragm thickness and 4.7 mm reservoir chamber height. HPPSCDD proposed in this paper has the advantages of simple structure, stable performance and convenient installation, which provides an important reference for the practical application of piezoelectric pump in the field of drug delivery.

A hydraulic-driven piezoelectric pump with separable channel for drug delivery

Valveless piezoelectric pumps are used in the field of drug delivery. However, the output performances are limited by severe reflux. This article is aimed at reducing the reflux and improving the output performances. We use different pressure loss coefficients in the forward and reverse directions and design dome composite structures within the chamber of the valveless pump. The structures and working principles are described. Then, we use the fluid simulation software CFX to simulate the flow state inside the chamber under different parameters such as the dome length, 2 mm, 4 mm, 6 mm, and 8 mm; the trapezoidal one-sided angle, 1°, 3°, 5°, 7°, and 9°; and the rounded corner, from 0 to 6 mm. Finally, we also make the prototypes and test the output performances. The results show that the output flow rate can reach a maximum of 220.6 ml/min; the measured variance is 80.7 in the three experiment tests for the optimal flow rate at the dome length of 8 mm, angle of 5°, and rounded corner of 6 mm under the driving voltage of 190 V at a frequency of 45 Hz; the highest output pressure is 670.0 Pa under the voltage of 190 V at a frequency of 130 Hz. Moreover, the precision is 5.85% of the highest tested pressure compared to the simulated pressure. The output flow rate has a great improvement, and the effectiveness of the structures is proved.

Performance analysis of valveless piezoelectric pump with dome composite structures

Artificial Heart Based on Electrically Controlled Non‐Toxic Liquid Metal Pump

A novel piezoelectric pump is proposed in which the drive element consists of two large fiber composite (MFC) layers cross-bonded to a circular beryllium bronze substrate. Both finite element analysis and experiments were carried out. According to previous studies, MFC can be approximated by conventional piezoelectric ceramic materials, and the actuator works in a reciprocating motion. The vertical deformation of the actuator decreases as the thickness of the substrate increases, and increases as the angle of the MFC layer increases until the angle is 90°. The output performance of the new piezoelectric pump was tested with air and pure water. At a frequency of 15 Hz, the maximum output flow rate was 380.88 ml/min with air as the experimental medium. The pure output water was used as the experimental medium. The maximum output flow was 28.70 ml/min.

Design and experimental research of piezoelectric pump based on macro fiber composite

A valve-type piezoelectric diaphragm pump using secondary resonant vibrator is introduced in this paper. The secondary resonant vibrator, which is mainly composed of a first vibrator and a second vibrator, is used to coordinate the frequency incompatibility between piezoelectric elements and check valves. The intermittent vibration of the first vibrator excites the resonant vibration of the second vibrator. The diaphragm in the pump chamber moves with the second vibrator, resulting in chamber volume and pressure variations. Control circuit capable of frequency tracking is designed. Vibration displacement and flow rate changing with driving voltage amplitude, frequency, and backpressure are studied in experiments. The flow rate of a prototype driven by voltage of 712 Vpp is 13.94 ml/min at secondary resonant frequency of 6 Hz.

Note: A valve-type piezoelectric reciprocating pump with secondary resonant vibrator

Skin wounds, especially large-area skin trauma, would bring great pain and even fatal risk to patients. In recent years, local autologous cell transplantation has shown great potential for wound healing and re-epithelialization. However, when the cell suspension prepared with normal saline is delivered to the wound, due to its low viscosity, it is easy to form big drops in the deposition and lose them from the wound bed, resulting in cell loss and uneven coverage. Here, we developed a novel air-assisted atomization device (AAAD). Under proper atomization parameters, 1% (w/v) sodium alginate (SA) solution carrier could be sprayed uniformly. Compared with normal saline, the run-off of the SA on the surface of porcine skin was greatly reduced. In theory, the spray height of AAAD could be set to achieve the adjustment of a large spray area of 1–12 cm2. In the measurement of droplet velocity and HaCaT cell viability, the spray height of AAAD would affect the droplet settling velocity and then the cell delivery survival rate (CSR). Compared with the spray height of 50 mm, the CSR of 100 mm was significantly higher and could reach 91.09% ± 1.82% (92.82% ± 2.15% in control). For bio-ink prepared with 1% (w/v) SA, the viability remained the same during the 72-h incubation. Overall, the novel AAAD uniformly atomized bio-ink with high viscosity and maintained the viability and proliferation rate during the delivery of living cells. Therefore, AAAD has great potential in cell transplantation therapy, especially for large-area or irregular skin wounds.

Development of air-assisted atomization device for the delivery of cells in viscous biological ink prepared with sodium alginate

Single cell dispensing techniques mainly include limiting dilution, fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS) and microfluidic approaches. Limiting dilution process is complicated by statistical analysis of clonally derived cell lines. Flow cytometry and conventional microfluidic chip methods utilize excitation fluorescence signals for detection, potentially causing a non-negligible effect on cell activity. In this paper, we implement a nearly non-destructive single-cell dispensing method based on object detection algorithm. To realize single cell detection, we have built automated image acquisition system and then employed PP-YOLO neural network model as detection framework. Through architecture comparison and parameter optimization, we select ResNet-18vd as backbone for feature extraction. We train and evaluate the flow cell detection model on train and test set consisting of 4076 and 453 annotated images respectively. Experiments show that the model inference an image of 320 × 320 pixels at least 0.9 ms with the precision of 98.6% on a NVidia A100 GPU, achieving a good balance of detection speed and accuracy.

Research on cell detection method for microfluidic single cell dispensing.

Using microfluidic chips to produce micro droplets wrapped with microorganisms is of great significance and value in life science research and analysis. One of the most obvious advantages is that it has a volume limiting effect on microorganisms. For example, tiny droplets of picoliter size can only allow single cells to enter, so that single cell separation in cell populations can be achieved. In this work, we designed a microfluidic impact printing system to encapsulate cells in Pico-liter level droplet (PL) through the inverse piezoelectric effect of piezoelectric materials. This method can isolate single cells in a label-free and high-throughput manner. The structure of the microfluidic chip designed in this paper can realize liquid feeding through capillary force without additional pumps and valves. The microfluidic chip and the driving module are not in direct contact, which avoids damage to cells activity. Experiments show that the system designed in this paper can stably generate 30PL, 12PL and 10PL droplet volumes in water, ink, and alcohol media respectively. The stable generation of picoliter-sized droplets provides an important basis for the subsequent research and development of single cell analysis.

Design and Research on Microfluidic Impact Printing for Picoliter-sized Droplet

Optimization of living cell delivery parameters in air-assisted atomization

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