Photonics is essential in life science research and the continuous development of methods offers researchers tools of unprecedented sensitivity. Sensors are key to the exploitation of the most advanced biophotonic techniques with highly demanding specifications in terms of single photon sensitivity, time resolution, miniaturisation real-time processing and data throughput. Silicon photomultipliers and Single Photon Avalanche Diode (SPAD) imagers represent the state-of-the-art in photon detection with single photon sensitivity, photon number resolving capability and the possibility to integrate on chip advanced functionalities. As a consequence, they can be the platform for the next generation biophotonic instruments and methods. This paper summarises the main biophotonic techniques and reports exemplary applications of Silicon Photomultipliers and SPAD imagers for fluorescence, chemiluminescence, time correlated single photon counting and imaging. Achievements and current limitations are addressed, pointing as well to the most recent technology advances and highlighting the possible pathways for the near future.

Silicon Photomultipliers and SPAD imagers in biophotonics: Advances and perspectives

Fluorescence analysis at low-level light intensity is important and inevitable for flow cytometry and cell biology. The photomultiplier (PMT) has been used as a photon-detection device for many years because of its high sensitivity; it can amplify a single photoelectron to millions of electrons by a cascade of dynodes in a vacuum. In addition, the photocathode in the PMT has the advantage of a wide detection area and wide dynamic range through analog photocurrent detection. Recently, microelectromechanical system (MEMS)-based PMTs and many solid-state sensors such as Si photodiodes (PDs), avalanche photodiodes (APDs), and Si photomultipliers (SiPMs) have been developed and improved in UV to near-IR wavelengths. Advancements in photosensors especially for photon detection and potential applications are described in this chapter.

Photon Detection: Current Status

/pdf/silicon-photomultiplier-a-high-dynamic-range-high-22ty8c60.pdf

Silicon Photomultiplier—A High Dynamic Range, High Sensitivity Sensor for Bio-Photonics Applications

Spectral flow cytometry is a new technology that enables measurements of fluorescent spectra and light scattering properties in diverse cellular populations with high precision. Modern instruments allow simultaneous determination of up to 40+ fluorescent dyes with heavily overlapping emission spectra, discrimination of autofluorescent signals in the stained specimens, and detailed analysis of diverse autofluorescence of different cells-from mammalian to chlorophyll-containing cells like cyanobacteria. In this paper, we review the history, compare modern conventional and spectral flow cytometers, and discuss several applications of spectral flow cytometry. 

/pdf/development-of-spectral-imaging-cytometry-2w1kbsys.pdf

Development of Spectral Imaging Cytometry

The basic principles of flow cytometer are introduced, on the basis of diode pump solid state laser (532 nm) as a excitation source and a high gain avalanche photodiode (APD) arrays as a light detector, a verification opitical system is built. Then, Spherotech Rainbow Calibration Particle RCP-30-5A is used to evaluate the performance of the opitical system, the fluorescence PE signal histogram of RCP-30-5A microshphere shows that the number of individual peaks is close to eight, which is close to the world advanced level.

High gain avalanche photodiode (APD) arrays in flow cytometer opitical system

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High gain avalanche photodiode (APD) arrays in flow cytometer opitical system