Both social isolation and loneliness are associated with increased mortality, but it is uncertain whether their effects are independent or whether loneliness represents the emotional pathway through which social isolation impairs health. We therefore assessed the extent to which the association between social isolation and mortality is mediated by loneliness. We assessed social isolation in terms of contact with family and friends and participation in civic organizations in 6,500 men and women aged 52 and older who took part in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing in 2004–2005. A standard questionnaire measure of loneliness was administered also. We monitored all-cause mortality up to March 2012 (mean follow-up 7.25 y) and analyzed results using Cox proportional hazards regression. We found that mortality was higher among more socially isolated and more lonely participants. However, after adjusting statistically for demographic factors and baseline health, social isolation remained significantly associated with mortality (hazard ratio 1.26, 95% confidence interval, 1.08–1.48 for the top quintile of isolation), but loneliness did not (hazard ratio 0.92, 95% confidence interval, 0.78–1.09). The association of social isolation with mortality was unchanged when loneliness was included in the model. Both social isolation and loneliness were associated with increased mortality. However, the effect of loneliness was not independent of demographic characteristics or health problems and did not contribute to the risk associated with social isolation. Although both isolation and loneliness impair quality of life and well-being, efforts to reduce isolation are likely to be more relevant to mortality.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/110/15/5797.full.pdf

Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women

Meta-analytic techniques were used to estimate how job insecurity relates to its postulated outcomes. Consistent with the conceptual framework, the results indicate that job insecurity has detrimental consequences for employees' job attitudes, organizational attitudes, health, and, to some extent, their behavioral relationship with the organization. Moderator analyses suggest that these relationships may be underestimated in studies relying on single-item measures of job insecurity and that the behavioral consequences of insecurity are more detrimental among manual, as compared with nonmanual, workers. Recommendations made for future research include utilization of multidimensional measures, consideration of a broader spectrum of outcomes and moderators, and use of longitudinal designs.

No security: a meta-analysis and review of job insecurity and its consequences.

In regression models where the cases are geographical locations, sometimes regression coefficients do not remain fixed over space. A technique for exploring this phenomenon, geographically weighted regression is introduced. A related Monte Carlo significance test for spatial non-stationarity is also considered. Finally, an example of the method is given, using limiting long-term illness data from the 1991 UK census.

https://www.geos.ed.ac.uk/~gisteac/fspat/gwr/gwr_arcgis/GWR_Tutorial.pdf

Geographically Weighted Regression

This article adopts a complexity theory framework to review the literature on teachers’ professional development practices, the generative systems of these practices, and the impact that learning experiences have on their knowledge and changes in classroom practices. The review brings together multiple strands of literature on teacher professional development, teaching and learning, teacher change, and organizational learning. In doing so, it illustrates that process–product logic has dominated the literature on teacher professional learning and that this has limited explanatory ability. The review demonstrates the ways the elements of three subsystems (the teacher, the school, and the learning activity) interact and combine in different ways and with varying intensities to influence teacher learning. The limitations of studies focusing on specific elements or subsystems are highlighted. The article concludes that to understand teacher learning scholars must adopt methodological practices that focus on ex...

Conceptualizing Teacher Professional Learning

When carrying out any type of research a series of choices must be made in response to some preliminary questions which should be asked at the early stage of any such work. These questions include: What is the area of study or investigation? What type of question or problem is the research aiming to address? What research design is most appropriate to this research question? What would be the most appropriate method or methods? What would be the most relevant research tools? How will the data be analysed and interpreted?

Social research methods

The single most important change in the British labour market over the last two decades has been the re-emergence of mass unemployment. This study focuses on six areas: Aberdeen, Kirkcaldy, Rochdale, Coventry, Northampton, and Swindon, and investigates the effect of being unemployed on individuals' attitudes to work, their social relationships, and their psychological health. It breaks entirely new ground, using large-scale surveys that allow direct comparison with people in employment and taking into account a wide range of variables. It will become a standard work of reference on the subject.

Social Change and the Experience of Unemployment

The survey method: the contribution of surveys to sociological explanation

Survey textbooks suggest that long questionnaires should be avoided, and a careful reading of the available empirical evidence confirms the negative effects of substantial length on both response rates and the quality of those responses which are obtained. Data is presented from a lengthy survey in Britain in 1987. Analysis of reasons for nonresponse to this survey suggest that length may indeed have been a significant disincentive to respond for many. However, no effect of length was found on item quality as measured by the number of responses given to open-ended questions. Unexpectedly, the variance in number of responses was greater when the questions were asked later in the questionnaire. The results are interpreted as resulting from the greater power that respondents gain as the survey proceeds.

The effect of questionnaire length on survey response

Foreword - Sir Claus Moser. Acknowledgements. Introduction. Part I: SINGLE VARIABLES. 1. Distributions and Variables. 2. Numerical Summaries of Level and Spread. 3. Scaling and Standardizing. 4. Price Indices. 5. Inequality. Part II: RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN TWO VARIABLES. 6. Handling Several Batches. 7. Percentage Tables. 8. Analyzing Contingency Tables. 9. Smoothing Time Series. 10. Scatterplots and Resistant Lines. 11. Transformations. Part III: INTRODUCING A THIRD VARIABLE. 12. Causal Explanations. 13. Three Variable Contingency Tables. 14. Standardization. 15. Median Polishing. 16. The Datasets.

Exploring Data: An Introduction to Data Analysis for Social Scientists

This is a source book on the 1991 census of the United Kingdom designed for the general reader interested in using census statistics. The chapters which are written by various authors are on topics including a general overview; the content of the census: change and continuity; census geography; fieldwork and data processing; privacy confidentiality and anonymity; the validation of census data; output from the census; local base and small area statistics; mapping and spatial analysis; migration transport and workplace statistics; the Sample of Anonymised Records; the OPCS Longitudinal Study; censuses in Northern Ireland 1926-1991; and lessons for the future.

The 1991 Census User's Guide

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