Roundtable participants identified ways of making computational research details readily available, which is a crucial step in addressing the current credibility crisis.

/pdf/reproducible-research-addressing-the-need-for-data-and-code-11bg4pgzes.pdf

Reproducible Research: Addressing the Need for Data and Code Sharing in Computational Science

Most applications of underwater cyber-physical system (UCPS) demand reliable data collection in an efficient and timely manner. However, the energy-constrained characteristic on acoustic communication makes it challenging to collect data. In this paper, we study the energy-efficient data collection for UCPS over autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) assisted underwater acoustic sensor network. The sensor nodes perceive local physical parameters, whose lifetime is strictly restricted by local power. The AUV that has relatively sufficient energy is adopted to retrieve data from sensor nodes. To balance energy consumption and prolong underwater network lifetime, the energy optimization problem is formulated as minimizing the sum of edge lengths of a particular graph. Then, a min-weighted rigid graph based topology optimization scheme is developed for sensor deployment. With the optimized network topology, a local routing decision algorithm is developed for each sensor node to relay the collected data to the data collectors (sinks). A dynamic value-based path planning strategy is also designed for the AUV to dynamically visit data collectors to maximize the value of information (VoI) within a given time. Finally, simulation results demonstrate that the network lifetime with the topology optimization scheme can be prolonged, and the dynamic value-based path planning strategy can improve the VoI on AUV.

Energy-Efficient Data Collection Over AUV-Assisted Underwater Acoustic Sensor Network

We present Piezo-Acoustic Backscatter (PAB), the first technology that enables backscatter networking in underwater environments. PAB relies on the piezoelectric effect to enable underwater communication and sensing at near-zero power. Its architecture is inspired by radio backscatter which works well in air but cannot work well underwater due to the exponential attenuation of radio signals in water. PAB nodes harvest energy from underwater acoustic signals using piezoelectric interfaces and communicate by modulating the piezoelectric impedance. Our design introduces innovations that enable concurrent multiple access through circuit-based frequency tuning of backscatter modulation and a MAC that exploits the properties of PAB nodes to deliver higher network throughput and decode network collisions. We built a prototype of our design using custom-designed, mechanically fabricated transducers and an end-to-end battery-free hardware implementation. We tested our nodes in large experimental water tanks at the MIT Sea Grant. Our results demonstrate single-link throughputs up to 3 kbps and power-up ranges up to 10 m. Finally, we show how our design can be used to measure acidity, temperature, and pressure. Looking ahead, the system can be used in ocean exploration, marine life sensing, and underwater climate change monitoring.

https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/3341302.3342091

Underwater backscatter networking

Invited Papers.- Formal Methods for Privacy.- What Can Formal Methods Bring to Systems Biology?.- Guess and Verify - Back to the Future.- Verification, Testing and Statistics.- Security, Probability and Nearly Fair Coins in the Cryptographers' Cafe.- Model Checking I.- Recursive Abstractions for Parameterized Systems.- Abstract Model Checking without Computing the Abstraction.- Three-Valued Spotlight Abstractions.- Fair Model Checking with Process Counter Abstraction.- Compositionality.- Systematic Development of Trustworthy Component Systems.- Partial Order Reductions Using Compositional Confluence Detection.- A Formal Method for Developing Provably Correct Fault-Tolerant Systems Using Partial Refinement and Composition.- Verification.- Abstract Specification of the UBIFS File System for Flash Memory.- Inferring Mealy Machines.- Formal Management of CAD/CAM Processes.- Concurrency.- Translating Safe Petri Nets to Statecharts in a Structure-Preserving Way.- Symbolic Predictive Analysis for Concurrent Programs.- On the Difficulties of Concurrent-System Design, Illustrated with a 2x2 Switch Case Study.- Refinement.- Sums and Lovers: Case Studies in Security, Compositionality and Refinement.- Iterative Refinement of Reverse-Engineered Models by Model-Based Testing.- Model Checking Linearizability via Refinement.- Static Analysis.- It's Doomed We Can Prove It.- "Carbon Credits" for Resource-Bounded Computations Using Amortised Analysis.- Field-Sensitive Value Analysis by Field-Insensitive Analysis.- Theorem Proving.- Making Temporal Logic Calculational: A Tool for Unification and Discovery.- A Tableau for CTL*.- Certifiable Specification and Verification of C Programs.- Formal Reasoning about Expectation Properties for Continuous Random Variables.- Semantics.- The Denotational Semantics of slotted-Circus.- Unifying Probability with Nondeterminism.- Towards an Operational Semantics for Alloy.- A Robust Semantics Hides Fewer Errors.- Special Track: Industrial Applications I.- Analysis of a Clock Synchronization Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks.- Formal Verification of Avionics Software Products.- Formal Verification of Curved Flight Collision Avoidance Maneuvers: A Case Study.- Object-Orientation.- Connecting UML and VDM++ with Open Tool Support.- Language and Tool Support for Class and State Machine Refinement in UML-B.- Dynamic Classes: Modular Asynchronous Evolution of Distributed Concurrent Objects.- Abstract Object Creation in Dynamic Logic.- Pointers.- Reasoning about Memory Layouts.- A Smooth Combination of Linear and Herbrand Equalities for Polynomial Time Must-Alias Analysis.- Real-Time.- On the Complexity of Synthesizing Relaxed and Graceful Bounded-Time 2-Phase Recovery.- Verifying Real-Time Systems against Scenario-Based Requirements.- Special Track: Tools and Industrial Applications II.- Formal Specification of a Cardiac Pacing System.- Automated Property Verification for Large Scale B Models.- Reduced Execution Semantics of MPI: From Theory to Practice.- Model Checking II.- A Metric Encoding for Bounded Model Checking.- An Incremental Approach to Scope-Bounded Checking Using a Lightweight Formal Method.- Verifying Information Flow Control over Unbounded Processes.- Specification and Verification of Web Applications in Rewriting Logic.- Industry-Day Abstracts.- Verifying the Microsoft Hyper-V Hypervisor with VCC.- Industrial Practice in Formal Methods: A Review.- Model-Based GUI Testing Using Uppaal at Novo Nordisk.

FM 2009 : formal methods : second world congress, Eindhoven, the Netherlands, November 2-6, 2009 : proceedings

Energy consumption is a critical issue in the design of wireless underwater sensor networks (WUSNs). Data transfer in the harsh underwater channel requires higher transmission powers compared to an equivalent terrestrial-based network to achieve the same range. However, battery-operated underwater sensor nodes are energy-constrained and require that they transmit with low power to conserve power. Clustering is a technique for partitioning wireless networks into groups where a local base station (cluster head) is only one hop away. Due to the proximity to the cluster head, sensor nodes can lower their transmitting power, thereby improving the network energy efficiency. This paper describes the implementation of a new clustering algorithm to prolong the lifetime of WUSNs. We propose a new protocol called distance- and energy-constrained ${k}$ -means clustering scheme (DEKCS) for cluster head selection. A potential cluster head is selected based on its position in the cluster and based on its residual battery level. We dynamically update the residual energy thresholds set for potential cluster heads to ensure that the network fully runs out of energy before it becomes disconnected. Also, we leverage the elbow method to dynamically select the optimal number of clusters according to the network size, thereby making the network scalable. Our evaluations show that the proposed scheme outperforms the conventional low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) protocol by over 90% and an optimised version of LEACH based on ${k}$ -means clustering by 42%.

/pdf/dekcs-a-dynamic-clustering-protocol-to-prolong-underwater-3gte2bl8kc.pdf

DEKCS: A Dynamic Clustering Protocol to Prolong Underwater Sensor Networks

We mark up a corpus of LaTeX lecture notes semantically and expose them as Linked Data in XHTML+MathML+RDFa. Our application makes the resulting documents interactively browsable for students. Our ontology helps to answer queries from students and lecturers, and paves the path towards an integration of our corpus with external sites.

pdf/publishing-math-lecture-notes-as-linked-data-5ccyyn98ru.pdf

Publishing Math Lecture Notes as Linked Data

We mark up a corpus of ${\mbox{\LaTeX}}$ lecture notes semantically and expose them as Linked Data in XHTML+MathML+RDFa. Our application makes the resulting documents interactively browsable for students. Our ontology helps to answer queries from students and lecturers, and paves the path towards an integration of our corpus with external sites.

/pdf/publishing-math-lecture-notes-as-linked-data-4zdt6osker.pdf

Publishing math lecture notes as linked data

Energy-efficiency in underwater networks is essential since nodes are mostly battery powered and it is difficult to replenish their supply. Furthermore, since underwater acoustic sensor networks are effected by ambient environmental conditions leading to volatile network dynamics, large propagation delays and a high probability of error in transmissions, it is even more important to analyze the energy consumption characteristics in order to build an energy efficient robust network. Since the underwater acoustic channel behaves differently in deep water and shallow water it is important to understand the energy consumption characteristics of both channels. In this paper we present an overview of a study conducted to analyze the energy consumption in underwater acoustic sensor networks. The energy consumption for different transmission mechanisms (single-hop, multi-hop, etc.) are analyzed not only in deep and shallow water channels but the effect of varying ambient conditions are also presented.

http://anujsehgal.com/publications/pdf/preprint/sehgal_oceans2011.pdf

Energy consumption analysis of underwater acoustic sensor networks

In this paper we present the Active Documents Paradigm (semantically annotated documents associated with a content commons that holds the corresponding background ontologies) and the Planetary system (as an active document player). We show that the current Planetary system gives a solid foundation and can be extended modularly to address most of the criteria of the Executable Papers Challenge.

International Conference on Computational Science, ICCS 2011 The Planetary System: Web 3.0 & Active Documents for STEM

The ARXMLIV corpus is a remarkable collection of text containing scientific mathematical discourse. With more than half a million documents, it is an ambitious target for large scale linguistic and semantic analysis, requiring a generalized and distributed approach. In this paper we implement an architecture which solves and automates the issues of knowledge representation and knowledge management, providing an abstraction layer for distributed development of semantic analysis tools. Furthermore, we enable document interaction and visualization and present current implementations of semantic tools and follow-up applications using this architecture. We identify five different stages, or purposes, which such architecture needs to address, encapsulating each in an independent module. These stages are determined by the different properties of the document formats used, as well as the state of processing and linguistic enrichment introduced so far. We discuss the need of migration between XML representations and the challenges it would pose on our system, revealing the benefits and trade-off of each format we employ. In the heart of the architecture lies the Semantic Blackboard module. The Semantic Blackboard comprises a system based on a centralized RDF database which can facilitate distributed corpus analysis of arbitrary applications, or analysis modules. This is achieved by providing a document abstraction layer and a mechanism for storing, reusing and communicating results via RDF stand-off annotations deposited in the central database. Achieving a properly encapsulated and automated pipeline from the input corpus document to a semantically enriched output in a state-of-the-art representation is the task of the Preprocessing, Semantic Result and Output Generation modules. Each of them addresses the task of format migration and enhances the document for further semantic enrichment or aggregation. The fifth module, targeting Visualization and Feedback, enables user interaction and display of different stages of processing. The overall architecture purpose is to facilitate the development and execution of semantic analysis tools for the ARXMLIV corpus, automating the migration of knowledge representation and establishing a complete pipeline to both a presentation and content enriched document representation. Additionally, we present three applications based on this architecture. Mathematical Formula Disambiguation (MFD) embodies an analysis module that uses heuristic pattern matching to disambiguate symbol and structure semantics. Context Based Formula Understanding (CBFU) is another Semantic Blackboard module which in turn focuses on establishing context relationships between symbols, helping to disambiguate their semantics. We also present the Applicable Theorem Search (ATS) system, a follow-up application that performs search functions, retrieving theorem preconditions for the user.

/pdf/an-architecture-for-linguistic-and-semantic-analysis-on-the-8v18mry06c.pdf

An architecture for linguistic and semantic analysis on the ARXMLIV corpus

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