Who takes risks, and why? Does risk-taking in one context predict risk-taking in other contexts? We seek to address these questions by considering two non-independent pathways to risk: need-based and ability-based. The need-based pathway suggests that risk-taking is a product of competitive disadvantage consistent with risk-sensitivity theory. The ability-based pathway suggests that people engage in risk-taking when they possess abilities or traits that increase the probability of successful risk-taking, the expected value of the risky behavior itself, and/or have signaling value. We provide a conceptual model of decision-making under risk—the relative state model—that integrates both pathways and explicates how situational and embodied factors influence the estimated costs and benefits of risk-taking in different contexts. This model may help to reconcile long-standing disagreements and issues regarding the etiology of risk-taking, such as the domain-generality versus domain-specificity of risk or differ...

http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1088868316644094

The Relative State Model: Integrating Need-Based and Ability-Based Pathways to Risk-Taking

These studies draw on evolutionary psychology and intrasexual female competition to examine why female shoppers often prefer working with gay male (GM) sales associates over heterosexual female (HF) sales associates. Study 1 finds that female shoppers often attribute trustworthiness to GM sales associates. Study 2 draws on theories of intrasexual competition and shows that female shoppers are more likely to trust product recommendations from a GM sales associate than an HF sales associate when they feel a sense of competitiveness with the female associate. Study 3 reveals that female shoppers’ trust in GM sales associates is limited to situations in which they are intending to purchase products that are meant to enhance their physical appearance. Study 4 extends these findings by showing that women are more likely to trust GM sales associates (vs. HF sales associates) when the objective of their purchase is to attract a desirable mate. The findings suggest that retailers should hire a diverse workforce and consider the role of e-commerce in helping some female shoppers avoid potentially uncomfortable situations.

Intrasexual female competition and female trust in gay male sales associates’ recommendations

The current study tasked undergraduates with serving as hypothetical human resource workers to evaluate complaints of offensive and inoffensive humor used by male and female employees in a fictitious company who varied in employment status and age. Offensive humor was deemed more problematic in its usage, particularly among female perceivers. Contrary to hypotheses, its usage was more problematic for male and older employees than for female and younger employees. In addition, participants were more averse to both offensive and inoffensive humor from high-status and older men relative to women with similar characteristics. We frame results with consideration of recent social trends.

Not Taking a Joke: The Influence of Target Status, Sex, and Age on Reactions to Workplace Humor.

Phillips, April

Although the negative consequences of abusive supervision have been recognized in the literature, some organizational leaders are still able to display abusive behaviors without harming their followers' perceived leader effectiveness. Moreover, the empirical findings indicate that the relationship between abusive supervision and followers' perceived leader effectiveness is mixed. Based on the perspective of "abusive supervision as political activity", we propose an integrative model to investigate whether the leaders' political skills and physical attractiveness moderate the relationship between abusive supervision and follower' perceived leader effectiveness, which in turn influences supervisor -directed citizenship behaviors. To test the proposed hypotheses, we collect data from 113 leaders and 367 followers at two different time points, resulting in 367 valid paired responses. The results of multilevel path -analysis show that abusive supervision has a negative indirect effect on followers' supervisor -directed citizenship behaviors via reduced perceived leader effectiveness. However, when leaders are high in physical attractiveness, the negative indirect effect becomes positive. Moreover, when leaders are high in political skills, this negative indirect effect is further strengthened. We also control for follower negative emotions and Leadermember Exchange (LMX) to rule out alternative explanations.

Shrewd Calculation or Beautiful Illusion? Exploring the Relationship Between Abusive Supervision, Follower Perceived Leadership Effectiveness, and Supervisor-Directed Citizenship Behaviors: the Moderating Roles of Supervisor Political Skills and Physical Attractiveness

Two studies examined the influence of a female offender's level of physical attractiveness on forgiveness. In Study 1, an apology offered to a male participant (role-playing a victim) by an attractive female offender was more effective at increasing forgiveness compared to the same apology offered by a less attractive offender. In contrast, female participants displayed the opposite pattern, responding more positively to the less attractive offender. Study 2 revealed that this effect was mediated by participants' judgments about the quality of the apology received. Male participants judged the apology as higher in quality when it was offered by the attractive offender, whereas female participants rated the apology as higher quality when it was offered by the less attractive offender.

Is beauty a gift or a curse? The influence of an offender's physical attractiveness on forgiveness

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Is beauty a gift or a curse? The influence of an offender's physical attractiveness on forgiveness