Legumes are extremely valuable because of their high protein content and several other nutritional components. The major challenge lies in maintaining the quantity and quality of protein and other nutritional compounds in view of climate change conditions. The global need for plant-based proteins has increased the demand for seeds with a high protein content that includes essential amino acids. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have evolved as a standard approach in agricultural genetics for examining such intricate characters. Recent development in machine learning methods shows promising applications for dimensionality reduction, which is a major challenge in GWAS. With the advancement in biotechnology, sequencing, and bioinformatics tools, estimation of linkage disequilibrium (LD) based associations between a genome-wide collection of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and desired phenotypic traits has become accessible. The markers from GWAS could be utilized for genomic selection (GS) to predict superior lines by calculating genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs). For prediction accuracy, an assortment of statistical models could be utilized, such as ridge regression best linear unbiased prediction (rrBLUP), genomic best linear unbiased predictor (gBLUP), Bayesian, and random forest (RF). Both naturally diverse germplasm panels and family-based breeding populations can be used for association mapping based on the nature of the breeding system (inbred or outbred) in the plant species. MAGIC, MCILs, RIAILs, NAM, and ROAM are being used for association mapping in several crops. Several modifications of NAM, such as doubled haploid NAM (DH-NAM), backcross NAM (BC-NAM), and advanced backcross NAM (AB-NAM), have also been used in crops like rice, wheat, maize, barley mustard, etc. for reliable marker-trait associations (MTAs), phenotyping accuracy is equally important as genotyping. Highthroughput genotyping, phenomics, and computational techniques have advanced during the past few years, making it possible to explore such enormous datasets. Each population has unique virtues and flaws at the genomics and phenomics levels, which will be covered in more detail in this review study. The current investigation includes utilizing elite breeding lines as association mapping population, optimizing the choice of GWAS selection, population size, and hurdles in phenotyping, and statistical methods which will analyze competitive traits in legume breeding.

Genome-wide association study as a powerful tool for dissecting competitive traits in legumes

This paper explores the role of the heterogeneity of fiscal preferences in the assignment of policy tasks to different levels of government (decentralisation versus centralisation). With reference to a sample of European countries, a median-voter mechanism of collective decision is assumed to work at both a national and a supranational level. Using data from a large international survey (the International Social Survey Programme, ISSP), a series of econometric models are estimated in order to make individual attitudes representative of different categories of public expenditure and of different countries. The dominance of decentralisation over centralisation or vice versa is determined on the basis of the utility loss that each individual suffers in connection with the distance between his or her own most preferred level of public expenditure and that chosen by the national/supranational median voter. The main finding is that, differently from the predictions of Oates's decentralisation theorem, the assignment of responsibilities at the supranational level (centralisation) for a number of public expenditure programmes (healthcare, education, unemployment benefits) dominates (or is close to dominating) decentralisation, even in the absence of economies of scale and interregional spillovers. However, when the possibility of interjurisdictional mobility is explicitly considered, in line with the predictions of Tiebout's model, decentralisation dominance becomes more and more substantial and also prevails in the sectors where, under the nonmobility assumption, the assignment of responsibilities at the supranational level is efficient.

Centralisation versus decentralisation of public policies: does the heterogeneity of individual preferences matter?

Increasingly accelerating cultural, economic, political, and social transformations have put the question of identity firmly on public, political and research agendas. Identity has become the new master concept to give answers to the meaning of the disintegration of old structures and the creation of new ones. The fostering of a European identity has been of great interest to EU policy makers as a
way to support and legitimatise the EU integration process. Drawing on constructivist identity theories which consider a significant Other as a general constituting feature in all identity construction processes, it is argued that Turkey's accession creates a unique context for analysing European identities as it poses a significant Other against which such identities are formed. The development of the
Republic of Turkey from the remainders of the Ottoman Empire links the country to the image of the Eastern Other which played a crucial role in the construction of
European unity in the past.

Grounded in empirical data from a cross-national comparison of Austrian and British newspapers and focus groups, this PhD project explores three distinct research questions. The first question investigates as to whether Turkey functions as a focus point against which a common European identity is defined today. The second question analyses how and to what degree citizens use mediated information and personal experiences in European identity constructions. The third question examines the boundaries (i.e. differences) and modes of identification (i.e. similarities) evoked by Turkey's accession to the EU in media and citizen discourses
and what they reveal about the status and definition of European identity.

As previous research has largely focused on defining European identities through levels of identification in form of shared feelings of belonging to EU institutions, EU symbols or trust in fellow EU citizens, this research further highlights the importance of boundaries and differences in identity constructions. Drawing on the concepts of identification and difference, this research project proposes a more comprehensive approach to explore European identities by taking both elements of identification and othering into account. By combining media and citizens' perspectives into a comparative research design, this research forms a unique contribution to existing research.

Communicating European identity : media coverage and citizen discourses on Turkey's accession to the EU in Austria and the UK

Since its beginnings in the 1950s, the policymaking scope and authority of the European Union have dramatically expanded across a wide range of issue areas. Yet much remains unknown about the interaction between public preferences for EU-level governance, changes in such governance and overall support for European integration. This article analyses surveys ranging from 1962 to 2010 to show that while support for integration in different policy areas has fluctuated over time, it has been surprisingly stable overall; moreover, the relative preference ordering across issue areas has been even more consistent. In addition, this consistency is not affected by changes in Europeanization, nor do such changes appear to be driven by the relative strength of preferences. Finally, issue-specific support for EU-level governance has an impact on overall EU support that becomes stronger as Europeanization in that issue area increases, an effect that increases further with greater political knowledge. These findings call into question understandings of rising Euroscepticism as a reaction to Europeanization taking place primarily in areas where publics oppose it. In addition, they indicate that public awareness of European integration is far greater than political knowledge tests appear to indicate.

/pdf/fifty-years-of-public-dis-satisfaction-with-european-3bhbn6q8ye.pdf

Fifty Years of Public (Dis)Satisfaction with European Governance: Preferences, Europeanization and Support for the EU

The allocation of political powers in the European Union (EU) has been one of the key problems of European integration. The existing pattern of policy responsibilities has emerged rather spontaneously over time. Today, neither a strategic road map nor a consistent and commonly accepted method exists for assigning policy prerogatives clearly and consistently either to the supranational or the national authorities (Alesina et al., 2001a).

Who Shall Decide What? Citizens’ Attitudes Towards Political Decision Making in the EU

Given the increasing heterogeneity regarding economic structures, political interests, social preferences and financial constraints, governance problems in the EU will increase significantly Based on a theoretical model of fiscal federalism, the question on which governance level political competencies should be located is addressed for the case of a heterogeneous union The model suggests a distinct allocation of competencies in different policy fields depending upon the degree of country heterogeneity and the size of spillover effects of government services Additionally, citizens' preferences regarding centralization and decentralization of policy prerogatives are analysed empirically It is investigated whether the preferences are consistent with the theoretical implications, to what extent there are controversies within the groups of old and new EU members, and whether the scope for controversies changes within an enlarged union Moreover, the preference distribution is used to simulate vot

Beyond the Big‐Bang Enlargement: Citizens' Preferences and the Problem of EU Decision Making

GWAS was applied to the antinutritive compounds vicine and convicine (V, C) in winter faba bean. V, C and V + C data for 189 inbred lines (five environments) were predicted by NIRS. These lines do not carry the strong “vc-“ allele (locus VC1). Lab data for 646 samples enabled our NIRS calibration, which performed well for V and V + C yet poor for C. Heritability was high (0.911; 0.868) for V and V + C and lower for C (0.737). From the 2542 mapped SNPs, 47 were significantly associat ed with V and one with V + C. Four SNPs mapped near to the VC1 locus and were significant for V. Seemingly, non-“vc-“ al leles at that locus contributed to V variation. Marker-assisted breeding with this germplasm can reduce the V + C content to about 0.44%, compared to the current lowest line with 0.55%. Further research will show inasmuch this can serve agronomy and breeding.

NIRS for vicine and convicine content of faba bean seed allowed GWAS to prepare for marker-assisted adjustment of seed quality of German winter faba beans

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Who Shall Decide What? Citizens’ Attitudes Towards Political Decision Making in the EU

Beyond the Big‐Bang Enlargement: Citizens' Preferences and the Problem of EU Decision Making

NIRS for vicine and convicine content of faba bean seed allowed GWAS to prepare for marker-assisted adjustment of seed quality of German winter faba beans