Fundamentals of Plasmonics.- Electromagnetics of Metals.- Surface Plasmon Polaritons at Metal / Insulator Interfaces.- Excitation of Surface Plasmon Polaritons at Planar Interfaces.- Imaging Surface Plasmon Polariton Propagation.- Localized Surface Plasmons.- Electromagnetic Surface Modes at Low Frequencies.- Applications.- Plasmon Waveguides.- Transmission of Radiation Through Apertures and Films.- Enhancement of Emissive Processes and Nonlinearities.- Spectroscopy and Sensing.- Metamaterials and Imaging with Surface Plasmon Polaritons.- Concluding Remarks.

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Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications

The term photonic crystals appears because of the analogy between electron waves in crystals and the light waves in artificial periodic dielectric structures. During the recent years the investigation of one-, two-and three-dimensional periodic structures has attracted a widespread attention of the world optics community because of great potentiality of such structures in advanced applied optical fields. The interest in periodic structures has been stimulated by the fast development of semiconductor technology that now allows the fabrication of artificial structures, whose period is comparable with the wavelength of light in the visible and infrared ranges.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/6354/16969/00781867.pdf

Photonic crystals

Two-photon excitation provides a means of activating chemical or physical processes with high spatial resolution in three dimensions and has made possible the development of three-dimensional fluorescence imaging, optical data storage, and lithographic microfabrication. These applications take advantage of the fact that the two-photon absorption probability depends quadratically on intensity, so under tight-focusing conditions, the absorption is confined at the focus to a volume of order λ3 (where λ is the laser wavelength). Any subsequent process, such as fluorescence or a photoinduced chemical reaction, is also localized in this small volume. Although three-dimensional data storage and microfabrication have been illustrated using two-photon-initiated polymerization of resins incorporating conventional ultraviolet-absorbing initiators, such photopolymer systems exhibit low photosensitivity as the initiators have small two-photon absorption cross-sections (δ). Consequently, this approach requires high laser power, and its widespread use remains impractical. Here we report on a class of π;-conjugated compounds that exhibit large δ (as high as 1, 250 × 10−50 cm4 s per photon) and enhanced two-photon sensitivity relative to ultraviolet initiators. Two-photon excitable resins based on these new initiators have been developed and used to demonstrate a scheme for three-dimensional data storage which permits fluorescent and refractive read-out, and the fabrication of three-dimensional micro-optical and micromechanical structures, including photonic-bandgap-type structures.

Two-photon polymerization initiators for three-dimensional optical data storage and microfabrication

New microproducts need the utilization of a diversity of materials and have complicated three-dimensional (3D) microstructures with high aspect ratios. To date, many micromanufacturing processes have been developed but specific class of such processes are applicable for fabrication of functional and true 3D microcomponents/assemblies. The aptitude to process a broad range of materials and the ability to fabricate functional and geometrically complicated 3D microstructures provides the additive manufacturing (AM) processes some profits over traditional methods, such as lithography-based or micromachining approaches investigated widely in the past. In this paper, 3D micro-AM processes have been classified into three main groups, including scalable micro-AM systems, 3D direct writing, and hybrid processes, and the key processes have been reviewed comprehensively. Principle and recent progress of each 3D micro-AM process has been described, and the advantages and disadvantages of each process have been presented.

/pdf/a-review-on-3d-micro-additive-manufacturing-technologies-1kbpeb2xb5.pdf

A review on 3D micro-additive manufacturing technologies

Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are electromagnetic (EM) modes propagating along metal‐dielectric interfaces, in which surface collective excitations of free electrons in the metal are coupled to evanescent EM fields in the dielectric. Various SPP modes can be supported by flat and curved, single and multiple surfaces, exhibiting remarkable properties, including the possibility of concentrating EM fields beyond the diffraction limit, i.e. on the nanoscale, while enhancing local field strengths by several orders of magnitude. This unique feature of SPP modes, along with the ever-increasing demands for miniaturization of photonic components and circuits, generates an exponentially growing interest in SPP-mediated radiation guiding and SPP-based waveguide components. Here we review the current status of this rapidly developing field, starting with a brief presentation of the main planar SPP modes along with the techniques employed for their excitation and manipulation by sets of nanoparticles. We then describe in detail various SPP-based waveguide configurations that ensure two-dimensional mode confinement in the plane perpendicular to the propagation direction and compare their characteristics. Excitation of SPP waveguide modes and recent progress in the development of SPP-based waveguide components are also discussed, concluding with our outlook on challenges and possible future developments in this field. (Some figures may appear in colour only in the online journal) This article was invited by Horst-Guenter Rubahn.

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0034-4885/76/1/016402/pdf

Radiation guiding with surface plasmon polaritons

Fabrication of dielectric optical components for surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) by two-photon polymerization (2PP) is studied. This direct-write femtosecond laser technology provides a low-cost and flexible method for the fabrication and investigation of plasmonic structures and optical components. Using the 2PP technique, we fabricated narrow dielectric ridges with dimensions as small as 150 nm on metal surfaces. SPP excitation with the laser-fabricated structures and guiding along them are demonstrated.

/pdf/laser-fabricated-dielectric-optical-components-for-surface-1nhyhnz416.pdf

Laser-fabricated dielectric optical components for surface plasmon polaritons.

Using a collection near-field microscope, we image interaction of surface plasmon-polaritons (SPPs) excited locally at telecom wavelengths with periodic triangular arrays of gold bumps placed on gold film surfaces We observe the inhibition of SPP propagation into the arrays within a certain wavelength range depending on their period and orientation, ie, the band gap (BG) effect, as well as the SPP propagation along bent channels cut through these arrays Prospects and challenges in realization of compact and efficient SPPBG waveguiding structures are discussed

Near-field imaging of surface plasmon-polariton guiding in band gap structures at telecom wavelengths

Using a far-field second harmonic scanning optical microscope with a tightly focused beam being incident perpendicular to the surface, we have observed two-photon luminescence from microrings consisting of organic hexaphenyl molecules that form ringlike (diameter ≈ 5 μm), ≈ 500-nm-high and very thin (100-200 nm) structures, i.e. form rings of nanoneedles. The molecular orientation in these rings is determined from the ratio of two-photon induced luminescence signals for mutually perpendicular polarized excitations. We find that, in general, the molecular orientation follows the orientation of a nanoneedle, so that the local angle between the molecule axis and that of the nanoneedle is kept within some limits. Our modeling indicate that the observed deviations can be related to the influence of a limited spatial resolution of the microscope and fluctuations in the nanoneedle orientation with respect to an ideal ring structure.

Two-photon mapping of molecular orientations in hexaphenyl microrings

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Laser-fabricated dielectric optical components for surface plasmon polaritons.

Near-field imaging of surface plasmon-polariton guiding in band gap structures at telecom wavelengths

Two-photon mapping of molecular orientations in hexaphenyl microrings