Simulating soil C dynamics with EPIC: Model description and testing against long-term data

Research on nitrogen (N) mineralization from organic residues is important to understand N cycling in soils. Here we review research on factors controlling net N mineralization as well as research on laboratory and field modeling efforts, with the objective of highlighting areas with opportunities for additional research. Among the factors controlling net N mineralization are organic composition of the residue, soil temperature and water content, drying and rewetting events, and soil characteristics. Because C to N ratio of the residue cannot explain all the variability observed in N mineralization among residues, considerable effort has been dedicated to the identification of specific compounds that play critical roles in N mineralization. Spectroscopic techniques are promising tools to further identify these compounds. Many studies have evaluated the effect of temperature and soil water content on N mineralization, but most have concentrated on mineralization from soil organic matter, not from organic residues. Additional work should be conducted with different organic residues, paying particular attention to the interaction between soil temperature and water content. One- and two-pool exponential models have been used to model N mineralization under laboratory conditions, but some drawbacks make it difficult to identify definite pools of mineralizable N. Fixing rate constants has been used as a way to eliminate some of these drawbacks when modeling N mineralization from soil organic matter, and may be useful for modeling N mineralization from organic residues. Additional work with more complex simulation models is needed to simulate both gross N mineralization and immobilization to better estimate net N mineralized from organic residues.

Nitrogen mineralization from organic residues: research opportunities.

Bacterial volatiles induce systemic resistance in Arabidopsis (vol 134, pg 1017, 2004)

Introduced exotic earthworms now occur in every biogeographic region in all but the driest or coldest habitat types on Earth. The global distribution of a few species (e.g., Pontoscolex corethrurus) was noted by early natural- ists, but now approximately 120 such peregrine species are recognized to be widespread from regional to global scales, mainly via human activities. Species adapted to human transport and to colonization of disturbed habi- tats are most widespread and are the principal invasive species. We identify a number of endogenous and exogenous factors that may contribute to the successful establishment and spread of peregrine species. Quantification of these factors may help to determine why certain species become invasive while others do not. Recent advances in theory and modeling of biological invasions and in molecular techniques should prove fruitful in improving our understanding of invasive earthworms, as well as in predicting their impacts on ecosystems.

/pdf/pandora-s-box-contained-bait-the-global-problem-of-1pxf2ymo35.pdf

Pandora's Box Contained Bait : The Global Problem of Introduced Earthworms

The rhizosphere is undoubtedly the most complex microhabitat, comprised of an integrated network of plant roots, soil, and a diverse consortium of bacteria, fungi, eukaryotes, and archaea. The rhizosphere conditions have a direct impact on crop growth and yield. Nutrient-rich rhizosphere environments stimulate plant growth and yield and vice versa. Extensive cultivation exhaust most of the soils which needs to be nurtured before or during next crop. Chemical fertilizers are the major source of crop nutrients but their uncontrolled and widespread usage has posed a serious threat to sustainability of agriculture and stability of ecosystem. These chemicals are accumulated in soil, drained in water, and emitted to the air where they persist for decades causing serious threat to overall ecosystem. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) present in the rhizosphere convert many plant-unavailable essential nutrients e.g., nitrogen, phosphorous, zinc etc. into available forms. PGPR produce certain plant growth hormones (such as auxin, cytokinin, and gibberellin), cell lytic enzymes (chitinase, protease, hydrolases etc.), secondary metabolites and antibiotics, and stress alleviating compounds (e.g., 1-Aminocyclopropane-1- carboxylate deaminase), chelating agents (siderophores). They different signaling compouds (e.g., N-Acyl homoserine lactones to interaction with the beneficial or pathogenic counterparts in the rhizosphere. These multifarious activities of PGPR improve the soil structure, health, fertility and functioning which directly or indirectly support plant growth under normal and stressed environments. Rhizosphere engineering with these PGPR has a wide ranging application not only for crop fertilization but developing eco-friendly sustainable agriculture. Due to severe climate change effects on plants and rhizosphere biology, there is growing interest in stress-resilient PGPM and their subsequent application to induce stress (drought, salinity, and heat) tolerance mechanism in plants. This review describes the three components of rhizosphere engineering with an explicit focus on the broader perspective of PGPM that could facilitate rhizosphere engineering in selected hosts to serve as an efficient component for sustainable agriculture.

/pdf/rhizosphere-engineering-with-plant-growth-promoting-446ewkath7.pdf

Rhizosphere Engineering With Plant Growth-Promoting Microorganisms for Agriculture and Ecological Sustainability

Soil carbon dynamics of conventional tillage and no-till agroecosystems at Georgia Piedmont — HSB-C models

Black rot, caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) (Xanthomonadales: Xanthomonadaceae), is the most important and potentially destructive disease of cabbage. Twenty-three plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains were tested for antibiosis against Xcc in vitro. Seven strains with antibiosis activity significantly reduced disease in the greenhouse. Two mixtures of PGPR strains and four individual strains were then tested three times in the greenhouse and one time in the field. In the greenhouse test, all treatments resulted in significant disease suppression. Mixture-2 and strain AP218 caused the highest and most consistent disease reduction in two of the three trials. In the field test, both mixtures and two individual strains significantly reduced disease incidence and disease severity. In conclusion, mixture-2 exhibited consistent biocontrol of black rot of cabbage.

Antagonism of black rot in cabbage by mixtures of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)

Induction of systemic resistance in Chinese cabbage against black rot by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria

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Soil carbon dynamics of conventional tillage and no-till agroecosystems at Georgia Piedmont — HSB-C models

Antagonism of black rot in cabbage by mixtures of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)

Induction of systemic resistance in Chinese cabbage against black rot by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria