Studies show higher house dust and body burden levels of PBDE flame retardants in North America than Europe; but little is known about exposure variation within North America, where California's furniture flammability standard affects PBDE use. We compared dust samples from 49 homes in two California communities with 120 Massachusetts homes and with other published studies. Dust concentrations [median (range) ng/g] in California homes of BDE-47, -99, and -100 were 2700 (112-107,000), 3800 (102-170,000), and 684 (<MRL-30,900), respectively, and were 4-10 times higher than previously reported in North America. Maximum concentrations were the highest ever reported in indoor dust. We then investigated whether human serum PBDE levels were also higher in California compared to other North American regions by analyzing the 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), the only data set available with serum from a representative sample of the U.S. population (n=2040). California residence was significantly associated with nearly 2-fold higher sigma PBDE serum levels [least square geometric mean (LSGM) ng/g lipid, 73.0 vs 38.5 (p = 0.002)]. Elevated PBDE exposures in California may result from the state's furniture flammability standards; our results suggest the need for further research in a larger representative sample.

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/es801792z

Elevated house dust and serum concentrations of PBDEs in California: unintended consequences of furniture flammability standards?

DISCLAIMER The use of company or product name(s) is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. This edition supersedes any previously released draft or final profile. Toxicological profiles are revised and republished as necessary. For information regarding the update status of previously released profiles, contact ATSDR at: Toxicological Profiles are a unique compilation of toxicological information on a given hazardous substance. Each profile reflects a comprehensive and extensive evaluation, summary, and interpretation of available toxicologic and epidemiologic information on a substance. Health care providers treating patients potentially exposed to hazardous substances will find the following information helpful for fast answers to often-asked questions. Chapter 1: Public Health Statement: The Public Health Statement can be a useful tool for educating patients about possible exposure to a hazardous substance. It explains a substance's relevant toxicologic properties in a nontechnical, question-and-answer format, and it includes a review of the general health effects observed following exposure. Chapter 3: Health Effects: Specific health effects of a given hazardous compound are reported by type of health effect (death, systemic, immunologic, reproductive), by route of exposure, and by length of exposure (acute, intermediate, and chronic). In addition, both human and animal studies are reported in this section. NOTE: Not all health effects reported in this section are necessarily observed in the clinical setting. Please refer to the Public Health Statement to identify general health effects observed following exposure. The following additional material can be ordered through the ATSDR Information Center: Case Studies in Environmental Medicine: Taking an Exposure History—The importance of taking an exposure history and how to conduct one are described, and an example of a thorough exposure history is provided. Other case studies of interest include Reproductive and Developmental Hazards; Skin Lesions and Environmental Exposures; Cholinesterase-Inhibiting Pesticide Toxicity; and numerous chemical-specific case studies. viii Managing Hazardous Materials Incidents is a three-volume set of recommendations for on-scene (prehospital) and hospital medical management of patients exposed during a hazardous materials incident. Volumes I and II are planning guides to assist first responders and hospital emergency department personnel in planning for incidents that involve hazardous materials. Volume III— Medical Management Guidelines for Acute Chemical Exposures—is a guide for health care professionals treating patients exposed to hazardous materials. Fact Sheets (ToxFAQs) provide answers to frequently asked questions about toxic substances. Other Agencies and Organizations The National Center for Environmental …

/pdf/toxicological-profile-for-fluorides-hydrogen-fluoride-and-rydm3hr31p.pdf

Toxicological profile for fluorides, hydrogen fluoride, and fluorine

A review of literature was undertaken to ascertain the current knowledge of the nature of the thermal decomposition products generated from ABS and the toxicity of these evolved products in toto. The literature review encompasses English language publications available through June 1984. This literature surveyed showed that the principal ABS thermooxidative degradation products of toxicologic importance are carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide. The experimental generation of these and other volatile products is principally dependent upon the combustion conditions and the formulation of the plastic. The toxicity of ABS thermal degradation products has been evaluated by fire methods. The LC50 (30 min exposure + 14 day post-exposure period) values for flaming combustion ranged from 15.0 mgl−1 to 28.5 mgl−1. In the non-flaming mode of combustion, the LC50 values ranged from 19.3 Mgl−1 to 64.0 mgl−1. Therefore, no apparent toxicological difference exists between the flaming mode and the non-flaming mode. The toxicity of ABS degradation products was found to be comparable with the toxicity of the thermal decomposition products of other common polymeric materials.

Acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene copolymers (ABS): Pyrolysis and combustion products and their toxicity—a review of the literature

/pdf/fire-behavior-of-upholstered-furniture-46cbxnjosu.pdf

Fire behavior of upholstered furniture

This volume is divided into five parts. The first provides an overview of the physical and environmental effects of nuclear war, setting the stage for later sections that address the medical impact of various types of nuclear attack. Part III reviews the demand for medical resources after a nuclear attack and estimates the actual supply likely to be available. If a single one-megaton bomb were exploded over the city of Detroit, for example, it is calculated that survivors would need about forty times the number of burn beds currently available throughout the entire United States. Contributors to Part IV address the nuclear arms race from a psychosocial point of view: How does the threat of nuclear war affect the attitudes and behavior of adults and children. Studies provide evidence that many young children are worried about the possibility of nuclear war; most learn about nuclear war from television or the media and rarely discuss it with their parents. Finally in this section is a call for improving the screening system used to select nuclear weapons handlers.

The Medical Implications of Nuclear War

Hospital Fire Safety from the Viewpoint of the Patient

Various plastics and elastomers were evaluated for flash-fire propensity, using the USF flash-fire screening test method. The test results were compared with those obtained with the NBS and Douglas...

Flash-Fire Propensity of Plastics and Elastomers

Standards for Thermal Insulation

Time to ignition of fifteen samples of upholstery fabrics under various levels of radiant heat flux was determined, using an ignita bility test method at the University of San Francisco. The cotton and rayon fabrics exhibited the shortest times to ignition. Fabric weight and backcoating did not appear to have a significant effect in this limited study.

Ignitability of Some Upholstery Fabrics With and Without Backcoating

A simple laboratory method for determining ignition temperatures of materials is described. The basic apparatus consists of a tube furnace, an air supply, and a fitting that contains the sample holder and thermocouple. Ignition temperatures obtained by this method are presented for a variety of synthetic polymers.

A laboratory technique for determining ignition temperatures of materials

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