A large fraction of major intracontinental strike-slip faults, defined here as those slipping at rates of ∼10 mm/yr or more, lie adjacent to relatively strong regions, such as oceanic lithosphere or Precambrian shields. We suggest that such faults form adjacent to discontinuities in strength, because strain in a continuous medium must concentrate near such strong objects. Concentration in strain is enhanced in deforming continua where viscosity is non-Newtonian, and hence where strain rates vary with deviatoric stress raised to a power greater than one, as is the case for rock-forming minerals at low temperatures characteristic of the lithosphere. Conversely, in regions where deformation is spread over a wide region, such as in the Basin and Range Province of the western United States or in the high interior of the Tibetan Plateau, the absence of strong objects may allow deformation to be diffuse without the development of rapidly slipping faults.

/pdf/major-intracontinental-strike-slip-faults-and-contrasts-in-3hkbtas7wd.pdf

Major intracontinental strike-slip faults and contrasts in lithospheric strength

The Caribbean plate and its boundaries with north and south America, marked by subduction and large intra-arc strike-slip faults, are a natural laboratory for the study of strain partitioning and interseismic plate coupling in relation to large earthquakes. Here we use most of the available campaign and continuous GPS measurements in the Caribbean to derive a regional velocity field expressed in a consistent reference frame. We use this velocity field as input to a kinematic model where surface velocities results from the rotation of rigid blocks bounded by locked faults accumulating interseismic strain, while allowing for partial locking along the Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, and Hispaniola subduction. We test various block geometries, guided by previous regional kinematic models and geological information on active faults. Our findings refine a number of previously established results, in particular slip rates on the strike-slip faults systems bounding the Caribbean plate to the north and south, and the kinematics of the Gonave microplate. Our much-improved GPS velocity field in the Lesser Antilles compared to previous studies does not require the existence of a distinct Northern Lesser Antilles block and excludes more than 3 mm/yr of strain accumulation on the Lesser Antilles-Puerto Rico subduction plate interface, which appears essentially uncoupled. The transition from a coupled to an uncoupled subduction coincides with a transition in the long-term geological behavior of the Caribbean plate margin from compressional (Hispaniola) to extensional (Puerto Rico and Lesser Antilles), a characteristics shared with several other subduction systems.

Current block motions and strain accumulation on active faults in the Caribbean

Publisher Summary This chapter describes three North American examples of earthquake history inferred from Quaternary geology and discusses earthquakes in the interior of the North America plate––in the New Madrid seismic zone of Missouri, Arkansas, and Tennessee. The study of prehistoric earthquakes––paleoseismology––provides long-term rates of earthquake occurrence to improve confidence in such forecasts. These earthquakes suggest the rates and patterns of recurrence that help define earthquake hazards. The eastern California shear zone, centered about 150 km northeast of Los Angeles, exhibits geologic evidence for prehistoric surface ruptures during episodes thousands of years apart. Typical intervals between the earthquakes span hundreds of years in the New Madrid and Cascadia examples and thousands of years in the eastern California example. Apart from enabling such estimates of recurrence intervals, paleoseismology can provide evidence for the regional clustering of earthquakes in seismic zones and for aperiodic rupture along the same part of a fault. Such findings have made paleoseismology an essential part of earthquake-hazard assessment in the United States.

Earthquake recurrence inferred from paleoseismology

Pleistocene to Present North Andean “escape”

https://repositorio.ingemmet.gob.pe/bitstream/20.500.12544/3030/1/Costa-Hazardous_faults_of_South_America-Abstract.pdf

Hazardous faults of South America; compilation and overview

Trench investigation along the Mérida section of the Boconó fault (central Venezuelan Andes), Venezuela

The 1812 earthquake is one of the most controversial of the seismic history of Venezuela and, even at present, it is not known what really happened on those days because diverse factors distorted the facts related to this event. In this paper a review of the historical information concerning to the damage and other effects of this earthquake in the Merida Andes has been made. From the analysis of this information it could be inferred a new epicentral location and it was possible to assign to this earthquake a value of magnitude different from that accepted until present.

El terremoto del jueves santo en Mérida: año 1812

El alud sísmico de La Playa: causas y efectos. El terremoto de Bailadores (1610)

La aplicacion de una novedoaa metodologia para el estudio de la habilitacion de zonaa de banjo en areas montafloaaa se enaaya para La Vega del Hospital. Comunidad de unaa 30 viviendaa que ocupa 3 hectareaa aobre una maaa deslizada dentro del caaco urbano de la ciudad de Merida. Deapuea de una cuidadosa evaluacion de loa condicionea fiaicaa, la definicion de la vulnerabilidad baaada en la tipologia conatructiva y distribucion de danoa en laa viviendas, ae determinaron las limitacionea y areas criticas en baae a niveles de susceptibilidad, lo que permitio plantear una serie de sugerenciaa sobre el uao de la tierra y recomendaciones orientadas a ampliar los margenea de aeguridad en un area urbana altamente conflictiva entre amenazaa naturales latentea y una mala utilizacion del eapacio. Se intenta hacer asequible al publico una informacion compleja que contribuyo a canalizar las inquietudes de la comunidad con fines autogestionarios. Se pretende que un estudio con estas caracteriaticas, cuyos costos de elaboracion se mantienen bojo parametros moderados de un morco de referencia para una amplia discusion sobre las tecnicas a ser desarrolladas en la microzonificacion de zonas debarriosyconstituya un insumo importante en los estudios de los componentes social y urbanistico.

Una aproximación al estudio de niveles de susceptibilidad en un barrio ubicado en la ciudad de Mérida-Venezuela

La region ubicada entre Merida - Ejido y Estanques, de clima semi-arido y tectonicamente activa, constituye un magnifico laboratorio para el estudio de una zona sometida a una acelerada expansion urbana. En un pequeno sector de aproximadamente 4 km2, margenes del rio Chama, ocupado por el caserio La Gonzalez el Conjunto Residencial/Urbanizacion Chama-Merida, se analizan dos escenarios a partir de la actividad desarrollada por un pequeno torrente: (i) posible reactivacion a partir del ano 1999 de un muy agresivo flujo de detritos cuyo abanico represo parcialmente (2005) el rio Chama; este sistema parece configurar un interesante geoindicador de una tendencia (?) a un significativo incremento de las precipitaciones en esta region. (ii) Amenaza real que el deslizamiento El Paraiso (250.000 - 385.000 m3) pueda convertirse en un alud sismico, cuyas consecuencias serian desastrosas. Se llama la atencion del alto potencial que tiene este torrente de obturar el rio Chama. Se senalan las peculiaridades relacionadas con la presencia de dos cuencas de drenajes adyacentes, rio La Gonzalez y quebrada La Sucia, con rocas altamente disimiles que han generado amplios abanicos aluviales. Se adelantan algunos resultados preliminares asociados con 'crecidas' del rio Chama y la accion de algunos torrentes locales.

Un estudio de amenazas múltiples en la cuenca media del río Chama (Andes centrales venezolanos): caso zanjón El Paraíso

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