The effectiveness of hypnosis for pain relief: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 85 controlled experimental trials.

Neuro-hypnotism: prospects for hypnosis and neuroscience.

Hypnotizability is a cognitive trait able to modulate many behavioural/physiological processes and associated with peculiar functional characteristics of the frontal executive system. This review summarizes experimental results on hypnotizability-related differences in sensorimotor integration at a reflex and an integrated level (postural control) and suggests possible interpretations based on morpho-functional considerations. In particular, hypnotizability-related differences in spinal motoneurones excitability are described, and the role of attention and imagery in maintaining a stable upright stance when sensory information is reduced or altered and when attention is absorbed in cognitive tasks is discussed as a function of hypnotic susceptibility. The projections from prefrontal cortex to spinal motoneurones and the balance between the activation of the right and left cortical hemisphere are considered responsible for the hypnotizability-related modulation of reflex responses, while the differences in...

Hypnotizability-related integration of perception and action

Auditory attention is a cognitive process that involves listeners to give their attention, which the listener wants to focus on. Consequently, the auditory attention processes their stimulus of interest and decodes it as a response of individuals. This study is aimed to decode the listener’s auditory attention state at continuous hearing complications in different (e.g., by quiet and hypothetical noisy background) environments. There have numerous ways to decode the auditory attention state. Here, we approach the difficulty of auditory attention to the auditory oddball paradigm based on electroencephalogram (EEG) signal. We have carried two experiments and having 840 trials for each listening state (attended and unattended). We have applied a stimulus for the attention detection model and it was verified for decoding the auditory listening attention successfully to listening. Finally, we present the decoding state of acoustic listening attention from electroencephalogram (EEG) signals through a bidirectional long short-term memory (bLSTM) and a support vector machine (SVM) model. The performance of the two models has been compared, and it reveals that these two models perform at a significant accuracy to detect the auditory listening attention state. In the frontal lobe, which is associated with attention, the SVM model has achieved a statistically significant accuracy of 74% at a 50 ms time window.

Auditory Attention State Decoding for the Quiet and Hypothetical Environment: A Comparison Between bLSTM and SVM

Santiago Ramon y Cajal (1852-1934) did not only contribute to neurobiology and neurohistology. At the end of the 19th century, he published one of the first clinical reports on the employment of hypnotic suggestion to induce analgesia (hypnoanalgesia) in order to relieve pain in childbirth. Today, the clinical application of hypnoanalgesia is considered an effective technique for the treatment of pain in medicine, dentistry and psychology. However, the knowledge we have today on the neural and cognitive underpinnings of hypnotic suggestion has increased dramatically since Cajal’s times. Here we review the main contributions of Cajal to hypnoanalgesia and the current knowledge we have about hypnoanalgesia from neural and cognitive perspectives.

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Hypnoanalgesia and the study of pain experience: from Cajal to modern neuroscience

Pain-rating scores were obtained from 10 high, 10 medium, and 10 low hypnotizable subjects who were holding a painful cold bottle in their left hands and were exposed to pain reduction treatments while they were performing a secondary oddball task. All subjects received suggestions of dissociative imagery and focused analgesia as cognitive strategies for pain reduction. The following measures were obtained for tone targets of the auditory oddball task: (a) reaction time; (b) P300 peak amplitude of the event-related potentials; (c) skin conductance levels and skin conductance responses. Focused analgesia produced the most pain reduction in high, but not medium or low, hypnotizable subjects who showed shorter reaction times, higher central and parietal P300 peaks, and higher skin conductance responses. These findings were discussed vis-a-vis the dissociated-control model assuming that capacity demands of hypnotic suggestion are low.

Pain-reduction strategies in hypnotic context and hypnosis: ERPs and SCRs during a secondary auditory task

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Pain-reduction strategies in hypnotic context and hypnosis: ERPs and SCRs during a secondary auditory task