Multiple endocrine neoplasia-type 1 (MEN1) is an autosomal dominant familial cancer syndrome characterized by tumors in parathyroids, enteropancreatic endocrine tissues, and the anterior pituitary. DNA sequencing from a previously identified minimal interval on chromosome 11q13 identified several candidate genes, one of which contained 12 different frameshift, nonsense, missense, and in-frame deletion mutations in 14 probands from 15 families. The MEN1 gene contains 10 exons and encodes a ubiquitously expressed 2.8-kilobase transcript. The predicted 610-amino acid protein product, termed menin, exhibits no apparent similarities to any previously known proteins. The identification of MEN1 will enable improved understanding of the mechanism of endocrine tumorigenesis and should facilitate early diagnosis.

/pdf/positional-cloning-of-the-gene-for-multiple-endocrine-2vxqnsckmm.pdf

Positional Cloning of the Gene for Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia-Type 1

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the occurrence of tumors of the parathyroids, pancreas, and anterior pituitary. The MEN1 gene, which was identified in 1997, consists of 10 exons that encode a 610–amino acid protein referred to as menin. Menin is predominantly a nuclear protein that has roles in transcriptional regulation, genome stability, cell division, and proliferation. Germline mutations usually result in MEN1 or occasionally in an allelic variant referred to as familial isolated hyperparathyroidism (FIHP). MEN1 tumors frequently have loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of the MEN1 locus, which is consistent with a tumor suppressor role of MEN1. Furthermore, somatic abnormalities of MEN1 have been reported in MEN1 and non-MEN1 endocrine tumors. The clinical aspects and molecular genetics of MEN1 are reviewed together with the reported 1,336 mutations. The majority (>70%) of these mutations are predicted to lead to truncated forms of menin. The mutations are scattered throughout the>9-kb genomic sequence of the MEN1 gene. Four, which consist of c.249_252delGTCT (deletion at codons 83–84), c.1546_1547insC (insertion at codon 516), c.1378C>T (Arg460Ter), and c.628_631delACAG (deletion at codons 210–211) have been reported to occur frequently in 4.5%, 2.7%, 2.6%, and 2.5% of families, respectively. However, a comparison of the clinical features in patients and their families with the same mutations reveals an absence of phenotype–genotype correlations. The majority of MEN1 mutations are likely to disrupt the interactions of menin with other proteins and thereby alter critical events in cell cycle regulation and proliferation. Hum Mutat 29(1), 22–32, 2008. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

/pdf/multiple-endocrine-neoplasia-type-1-men1-analysis-of-1336-36r26neu91.pdf

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1): analysis of 1336 mutations reported in the first decade following identification of the gene

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterised by tumours of the parathyroids, pancreas and anterior pituitary that represents one of the familial cancer syndromes. The MEN1 locus has been previously localised to chromosome 11q13, and a <300 kb gene-rich region flanked centromerically by PYGM and telomerically by D11S1783 defined by combined meiotic and tumour deletion mapping studies. Two candidate genes, ZFM1 and PPP2R5B, from this region have been previously excluded, and in order to identify additional candidate genes we used a BAC to isolate cDNAs from a bovine parathyroid cDNA library by direct selection. One of the novel genes that we identified, SCG2, proved to be identical to the recently published MEN1 gene, which is likely to be a tumour suppressor gene. The SCG2 transcript was 2.9 kb in all tissues with an additional 4.2 kb transcript also being present in the pancreas and thymus. Mutational analysis of SCG2 in 10 unrelated MEN1 families identified one polymorphism and nine different heterozygous mutations (one missense, four non-sense, one insertional and three deletional frameshifts) that segregated with the disease, hence providing an independent confirmation for the identification of the MEN1 gene.

Identification of the Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 (MEN1) Gene. The European Consortium on MEN1

To explain the complex carcinogenic process by which a single normal cell in human beings can be converted to an invasive and metastatic cancer cell, a number of experimental findings, epidemiological observations and their associated hypothesis/theories have been integrated in this review. All cancers have been generally viewed as the result of a disruption of the homeostatic regulation of a cell's ability to respond appropriately to extra-cellular signals of the body which trigger intra-cellular signal transducting mechanisms which modulate gap junctional intercellular communication between the cells within a tissue. Normal homeostatic control of these three forms of cell communication determines whether: (a) the cell remains quiescent (Go); (b) enters into the cell proliferation phase; (c) is induced to differentiate; (d) is committed to apoptose; or (e) if it is already differentiated, it can adaptively respond. During the evolution from single cell organisms to multicellular organisms, new cellular/biological functions appeared, namely, the control of cell proliferation ("contact inhibition"), the appearance of the process of differentiation from committed stem cells of the various tissues and the need for programmed cell death or apoptosis. Interestingly, cancer cells have been characterized as cells: (a) having been derived from a stem-like cell; (b) without their ability to control cell growth or without the ability to contact inhibit; (c) which can not terminally differentiate under normal conditions; and (d) having altered ability to apoptosis under normal conditions. During that evolutionary transition from the single cell organism to the multicellular organism, many new genes appeared to accompany these new cellular functions. One of these new genes was the gene coding for a membrane associated protein channel (the gap junction) which between coupled cells, allowed the passive transfer on ions and small molecular weight molecules. A family of over a dozen of these highly evolutionarily-conserved genes (the connexin genes) coded for the connexin proteins. A hexameric unit of these connexins in one cell (a connexon) couples with a corresponding connexon in a contiguous cell to join the cytoplasms. This serves to synchronize either the metabolic or electrotonic functions of cells within a tissue. Most normal cells within solid tissues have functional gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) (exceptions are free-standing cells such as red blood cells, neutrophils, and several, if not all, the stem cells). On the other hand, the cancer cells of solid tissues appear to have either dysfunctional homologous or heterologous GJIC. Therefore, among the many differences between a cancer cell and its normal parental cell, the carcinogenic process involves the transition from a normal, GJIC-competent cell to one that is defective in GJIC. The review examines how GJIC can be either transiently or stably modulated by endogenous or exogenesis chemicals or by oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes at the transcriptional, translational, or posttranslational levels. It also uses the gap junction as the biological structure to facilitate cellular/tissue homeostasis to be the integrator for the "stem cell" theory, "disease of differentiation theory", "initiation/promotion/progression" concepts, nature and nurture concept of carcinogenesis, the mutation/ epigenetic theories of carcinogenesis, and the oncogene/ tumor suppressor gene theories of carcinogenesis. From this background, implications to cancer prevention and cancer therapy are generated.

https://www.fbsserver.org/1998/v3/d/trosko/trosko.pdf

Cell-cell communication in carcinogenesis.

Recently there has been significant progress in our understanding of pituitary development, physiology, and pathology. New information has helped to clarify the classification of pituitary tumors. Epidemiologic analyses have identified a much higher incidence of pituitary tumors than previously thought. We review the pathogenetic factors that have been implicated in pituitary tumorigenesis and the application of novel targeted therapies that underscore the increasingly important role of the pathologist in determining accurate diagnoses and facilitating appropriate treatment of patients with these disorders.

The pathogenesis of pituitary tumours

The gene for multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), an inherited predisposition to neuroendocrine neoplasm of the parathyroid glands, the pancreatic islet parenchyma, and the anterior pituitary gland, was recently mapped to chromosome 11q13 based on genetic linkage in families. We now show that the pathogenesis of MEN1-associated parathyroid lesions involves unmasking of a recessive mutation at the disease locus and that sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism shares the same mechanisms. By examination of allele losses in MEN1-associated lesions, we could define deletions of chromosome 11 and map the MEN1 locus to a small region within chromosome band 11q13, telomeric to the PYGM locus. In contrast, a low incidence of deletions involving the MEN1 gene was found in sporadic pituitary adenomas.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/87/5/1968.full.pdf

Localization of the MEN1 gene to a small region within chromosome 11q13 by deletion mapping in tumors

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Localization of the MEN1 gene to a small region within chromosome 11q13 by deletion mapping in tumors