Since their introduction, chewable dosage forms have gained traction due to their ability to facilitate swallowing, especially in paediatric, geriatric and dysphagia patients. Their benefits stretch beyond human use to also include veterinary applications, improving administration and palatability in different animal species. Despite their advantages, current chewable formulations do not account for individualised dosing and palatability preferences. In light of this, three-dimensional (3D) printing, and in particular the semi-solid extrusion technology, has been suggested as a novel manufacturing method for producing customised chewable dosage forms. This advanced approach offers flexibility for selecting patient-specific doses, excipients, and organoleptic properties, which are critical for ensuring efficacy, safety and adherence to the treatment. This review provides an overview of the latest advancements in chewable dosage forms for human and veterinary use, highlighting the motivations behind their use and covering formulation considerations, as well as regulatory aspects.

/pdf/innovations-in-chewable-formulations-the-novelty-and-lp3l1mwl.pdf

Innovations in Chewable Formulations: The Novelty and Applications of 3D Printing in Drug Product Design

Three-dimensional (3D) printing, also called rapid prototyping or additive manufacturing, transforms digital images into 3D printed objects, typically by layering consecutive thin films of material. This technology has become increasingly accessible to the public, prompting applications in veterinary surgery. Three-dimensional prints provide direct visualization of complex 3D structures and also haptic feedback relevant to surgery. The main objective of this review is to report current applications of 3D printing in small-animal surgery, including surgical education, preoperative planning, and treatment of tissue defects. The reported uses of 3D prints, their proposed advantages, and current limitations are discussed considering published evidence. Aspects of the manufacturing process specific to each application are described, along with current practices in veterinary surgery.

Applications of 3-dimensional printing in small-animal surgery: A review of current practices.

Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology holds great potential to fabricate complex constructs in the field of regenerative medicine. Researchers in the surgical fields have used 3D printing techniques and their associated biomaterials for education, training, consultation, organ transplantation, plastic surgery, surgical planning, dentures, and more. In addition, the universal utilization of 3D printing techniques enables researchers to exploit different types of hardware and software in, for example, the surgical fields. To realize the 3D-printed structures to implant them in the body and tissue regeneration, it is important to understand 3D printing technology and its enabling technologies. This paper concisely reviews 3D printing techniques in terms of hardware, software, and materials with a focus on surgery. In addition, it reviews bioprinting technology and a non-invasive monitoring method using near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence, with special attention to the 3D-bioprinted tissue constructs. NIR fluorescence imaging applied to 3D printing technology can play a significant role in monitoring the therapeutic efficacy of 3D structures for clinical implants. Consequently, these techniques can provide individually customized products and improve the treatment outcome of surgeries.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/13/21/4819/pdf

3D Printing and NIR Fluorescence Imaging Techniques for the Fabrication of Implants

Background Knee osteoarthritis (OA) severity is a predictor of outcomes after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy (APM) Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) grading of OA is predictive of postoperative outcomes; this prospective study assessed whether radiographic grading is also predictive of outcomes Methods Patients who underwent APM between February 2015 and January 2016, underwent radiography and MRI ≤ 6 months before surgery, and had outcomes from the surgery date and one year later were included Surgical failure was defined as Results The study cohort included 66 knees from 64 patients (32 women; mean age, 571 years; range, 45–77) Radiographic grading was not predictive of outcomes (KL, AUC = 0541 [95% CI: 0358, 0724]; continuous mJSW, AUC = 0482 [95% CI: 0305, 0659]; ordinal mJSW, AUC = 0534 [95% CI: 0433, 0634]) Comparison of radiographs showing no joint space narrowing (KL grade 0–2) with corresponding MR images demonstrated that 48% of radiographs missed a clinically significant lesion (modified Outerbridge grade ≥ 3) MRI grading was predictive of outcomes (AUC = 0720 [95% CI: 0581, 0859]) Conclusions Radiographic grading of OA is not predictive of outcomes after APM; radiographs may miss clinically significant lesions For outcome prediction, MRI should be used

Radiographic evaluation of knee osteoarthritis in predicting outcomes after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy

The skin covers the external surface of animals, and it is constantly exposed to and inhabited by different microorganisms, including bacteria. Alterations in the skin barrier allow commensal and/or pathogenic bacteria to proliferate and penetrate deep into the lower layers of the skin. Being the first barrier to the external environment, the skin is prone to injuries, allowing the penetration of microorganisms that may lead to severe deep infections. Companion animals, especially dogs, are prone to bacterial infections, often secondary to allergic dermatitis. When environmental conditions are unfavorable, horses, cattle, sheep, and goats can develop superficial infections, such as those caused by Dermatophilus congolensis. Deep inflammation is commonly caused by Mycobacterium spp., which results in granulomatous to pyogranulomatous dermatitis and panniculitis. Likewise, bacteria such as Nocardia spp. and Actinomyces spp. can cause deep pyogranulomatous inflammation. Bacteria that lead to deep necrotizing lesions (eg, necrotizing fasciitis/flesh-eating bacteria) can be severe and even result in death. This review includes an overview of the most common cutaneous bacterial infections of domestic animals, highlighting the main features and histologic morphology of the bacteria, cutaneous structures involved, and the type of inflammatory infiltrates.

Common superficial and deep cutaneous bacterial infections in domestic animals: A review.

Cranial cervical abscessation and sialadenitis due to Pseudomonas luteola in two domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo)

Objective The aim of this study was to determine the inter- and intra-observer variability of the modified Outerbridge cartilage classification system in canine joints evaluated via arthroscopy. Materials and Methods Fifty arthroscopic videos of canine cartilage were scored by six observers, where three of the observers had significant arthroscopic experience and three had minimal to no experience. The kappa (κ) statistic was used to evaluate overall and individual score inter-observer variability, as well as experience variability. The weighted κ statistic was used to evaluate the overall intra-observer variability for each observer, and for individual score intra-observer variability across experience groups. Landis and Koch cut-offs were used to determine strength of agreement associated with each κ-value. Results The overall inter-and intra-observer variability of the modified Outerbridge cartilage classification system showed fair and substantial strengths of agreement, respectively. The most extreme scores of 0 and 4 had the best inter- and intra-agreement and the middle scores of 1, 2 and 3 had decreased strengths of agreement. Experience of the observer increased the strength of agreement between the scores. Clinical Significance The modified Outerbridge classification system is an acceptable method for the evaluation of canine cartilage. Observer agreement is improved if the observer has experience with arthroscopy and viewing cartilage changes, and if the same observer is used for subsequent cartilage evaluations.

Observer Variability of Arthroscopic Cartilage Grading Using the Modified Outerbridge Classification System in the Dog.

Medical Three-Dimensional Printing in Zoological Medicine.

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Cranial cervical abscessation and sialadenitis due to Pseudomonas luteola in two domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo)

Observer Variability of Arthroscopic Cartilage Grading Using the Modified Outerbridge Classification System in the Dog.

Medical Three-Dimensional Printing in Zoological Medicine.