With increasing amount of sewage sludge becoming an urgent and inevitable issue for every country, its applications in the production of construction and building materials provide an alternative solution for sludge disposal and resource recovery. Similar to clay and Portland cement, the main oxides in sewage sludge are SiO2 (10–25 %), Al2O3 (5–10 %) and CaO (10–30 %) which are increased in sludge ash after incineration to 25–50 %, 10–20 % and 15–30 %. Therefore, this solid waste can be utilized not only as raw material for the production of eco-cement, bricks, ceramic materials and lightweight aggregates through sintering process, but also as supplementary admixtures in cementitious materials such as pozzolanic component, fine aggregate or filling material. By critically reviewing current utilizations of sewage sludge, it is feasible to replace up to 15 % natural raw materials with sewage sludge in cement production and the manufactured eco-cement clinkers show comparable performance to traditional Portland cement. Whilst as raw feed in the fabrication of bricks, ceramic materials and lightweight aggregates, 20 % of sewage sludge substitution is acceptable to produce good quality products (within 8 % firing shrinkage and 15 % water absorption). Though high content of organic matter in raw sludge causes a decrease in mechanical strength and delay in hydration process, controlled low-strength materials offer an innovative reuse with large amount of sludge. The immobilization of heavy metals in products prevents sewage sludge causing secondary environmental pollution. Furthermore, suggestions for future research are proposed in order to strengthen the high value-added applications of sewage sludge.

Valorization of sewage sludge in the fabrication of construction and building materials: A review

Influence of fly ash and metakaolin on the microstructure and compressive strength of magnesium potassium phosphate cement paste

http://jultika.oulu.fi/files/nbnfi-fe2017111450695.pdf

Recycling mine tailings in chemically bonded ceramics : a review

This study investigated the influence of ultrafine fly ash (FA) on the mechanical properties, elevated temperature resistance and water stability of basalt fiber reinforced magnesium phosphate cement, and synergy mechanism was examined with the help of X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), mercury intrusion porosimeter (MIP) and scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/SEM-EDS) analysis techniques. Experimental results showed that incorporation of FA improved the mechanical properties, temperature resistance and water stability of MPC composites. TGA results exhibited that the mass loss of MPC composites was gradually reduced by increasing the percentage of FA. MIP analysis showed that cumulative pore volume, volume percentage of large pores and mean pore diameter of were decreased with the addition of FA. XRD and SEM-EDS analysis of MPC composites revealed the formation of secondary reaction products, that could be possibly responsible for the superior properties of FA/MPC composites. Importantly, the results of all characterization techniques corroborated with the mechanical results of MPC composites.

A comprehensive study of basalt fiber reinforced magnesium phosphate cement incorporating ultrafine fly ash

Reaction mechanism of magnesium potassium phosphate cement with high magnesium-to-phosphate ratio

Effect of the combination of fly ash and silica fume on water resistance of Magnesium–Potassium Phosphate Cement

Influence of different activators on microstructure and strength of alkali-activated nickel slag cementitious materials

A new method transforms waste PET plastic into monolithic materials with impressive mechanical strength and stability under extreme conditions

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Effect of the combination of fly ash and silica fume on water resistance of Magnesium–Potassium Phosphate Cement

Influence of different activators on microstructure and strength of alkali-activated nickel slag cementitious materials

A new method transforms waste PET plastic into monolithic materials with impressive mechanical strength and stability under extreme conditions