Increasing evidence indicates that obesity is associated with tumor development and progression. Leptin is an adipocyte-related hormone with a key role in energy metabolism and whose circulating levels are elevated in obesity. The effect of leptin on cancer progression and metastasis and its underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Leptin can impact various steps in tumor metastasis, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix (ECM), and proteolysis of ECM components. To do so, leptin binds to its receptor (OB-Rb) to activate signaling pathways and downstream effectors that participate in tumor cell invasion as well as distant metastasis. In this review, we describe metastasis steps in detail and characterize metastasis-related molecules activated by leptin, which may help to develop a roadmap that guides future work. In addition, we conclude that a profound understanding of the fundamental molecular processes that contribute to leptin-induced metastasis may pave the way for the development of new prognostic molecules and appropriate approaches to the treatment of obesity-related cancers.

Leptin-induced signaling pathways in cancer cell migration and invasion.

A critical review on the distribution and ecological risk assessment of steroid hormones in the environment in China

What is obesity - epidemiology

To perform a meta-analysis of case-control studies that addressed the association between oral contraceptive pills (OC) use and breast cancer (BrCa), PubMED (MEDLINE), Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched to identify case-control studies of OC and BrCa published between 2009 and 2020. We used the DerSimonian–Laird method to compute pooled odds ratios (ORs) and confidence intervals (CIs), and the Mantel–Haenszel test to assess the association between OC use and cancer. Forty-two studies were identified that met the inclusion criteria and we included a total of 110,580 women (30,778 into the BrCa group and 79,802 into the control group, of which 15,722 and 38,334 were using OC, respectively). The conducted meta-analysis showed that the use of OC was associated with a significantly increased risk of BrCa in general, OR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.31, p = 0.0358. Regarding other risk factors for BrCa, we found that increased risk was associated significantly with early menarche, nulliparous, non-breastfeeding, older age at first parity, postmenopause, obesity, smoking, and family history of BrCa. Despite our conclusion that birth control pills increase the cancer risk being supported by extensive previous studies and meta-analyzes, further confirmation is required.

Oral Contraceptive Use and Breast Cancer Risk Assessment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Case-Control Studies, 2009-2020.

Obesity: An emerging driver of head and neck cancer.

This study aimed to investigate the association between long-term excess body fat and breast cancer risk by studying adult weight gain together with the subsequent weight fluctuations. Weight gain measure in three different time periods in adulthood of 1500 participants was collected in a case–control study of Western China. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios and 95% CIs. The increased risk of postmenopausal BC was associated with adult weight gain at 5 years and at 10 years before enrollment (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.03–1.49 per 5 kg increase; OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.14–1.70 per 5 kg increase) but was not associated with adult weight gain at enrollment (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.81–1.16 per 5 kg increase). Only a positive association was observed in premenopausal women who had gained > 5.0 kg at 10 years before enrollment (OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.10–2.35). Women who had gained > 5.0 kg at 10 years before enrollment and continued to gain during the subsequent 5 years had the highest postmenopausal BC risk (OR 3.34, 95% CI 1.58–7.08). Adult weight gain at 5 years and 10 years before enrollment are more closely associated with postmenopausal BC risk than adult weight gain at enrollment in Western China. Controlling body weight as early as possible throughout adulthood to keep weight gain not more than 5.0 kg is particularly necessary for Chinese women.

Long-term excess body fat in adulthood and the risk of pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer in Chinese women

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jea/29/5/29_JE20170318/_pdf

Induced Abortion, Birth Control Methods, and Breast Cancer Risk: A Case-Control Study in China

Obesity is a strong risk factor for breast cancer. The polymorphisms of leptin (LEP) and leptin receptor (LEPR) may be associated with breast cancer by regulator of adipose tissue mass and tumor ce...

Changes in Body Mass Index, Leptin, and Leptin Receptor Polymorphisms and Breast Cancer Risk.

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Long-term excess body fat in adulthood and the risk of pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer in Chinese women

Induced Abortion, Birth Control Methods, and Breast Cancer Risk: A Case-Control Study in China

Changes in Body Mass Index, Leptin, and Leptin Receptor Polymorphisms and Breast Cancer Risk.