The expansion of environment-friendly materials based on natural sources increases dramatically in terms of biodegradable, recyclable, and environmental disputes throughout the world. Plant-based natural fiber, a high potential field of the reinforced polymer composite material, is considered as lightweight and economical products as they possess lower density, significant material characteristics, and extraordinary molding flexibility. The usage of plant fibers on the core structure of composite materials have drawn significant interest by the manufacturers to meet the increasing demand of the consumers for sustainable features with enhanced mechanical performances and functionalities. The plant fiber-based composites have widespread usage in construction, automotive, packaging, sports, biomedical, and defense sectors for their superior characteristics. Therefore, this critical review would demonstrate an overview regarding the background of natural fiber composites, factors influencing the composite properties, chemical interaction between the fiber and matrices, future potentiality, and marketing perspectives for triggering new research works in the field of biocomposite materials.

Comprehensive review on plant fiber-reinforced polymeric biocomposites

Effect of bio-based derived epoxy resin on interfacial adhesion of cellulose film and applicability towards natural jute fiber-reinforced composites.

The viability of using cellulosic Cymbopogon flexuosus root (CFR) fiber waste from the industry as a reinforcing material in a polyester-reinforced composite was investigated. Initially, CFR anatomy, mechanical, thermal, physio-chemical, morphological, and spectroscopy behaviors were investigated. Spectroscopy and chemical analysis were evidence for the richness of cellulose content (74.33%) in the fiber which reflected in increased tensile strength of 315.22 ± 61.72 MPa and thermal stability 272.31°C. Fiber reinforcement was varied from 0 to 50 wt% at random orientation and mechanical, and water absorption properties were correlated with the glass fiber reinforced composite of the same weight percentage. The composite with a 40% fiber combination has an enhancement in mechanical, morphological, and thermal characterization. This comprehensive study confirms the usage of this bio-material in replacing harmful synthetic material in structural, marine and mechanical industrial applications. 

Utilization of discarded
 Cymbopogon flexuosus
 root waste as a novel lignocellulosic fiber for lightweight polymer composite application

The application of natural fibers is increasing rapidly in the polymer-based composites. This study investigates manufacturing and characterization of polypropylene (PP) based composites reinforced with three different natural fibers: jute, kenaf, and pineapple leaf fiber (PALF). In each case, the fiber weight percentages were varied by 30 wt.%, 35 wt.%, and 40 wt.%. Mechanical properties such as tensile, flexural, and impact strengths were determined by following the relevant standards. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was employed to identify the chemical interactions between the fiber and the PP matrix material. Tensile strength and Izod impact strength of the composites significantly increased for all the composites with different fiber contents when compared to the pure PP matrix. The tensile moduli of the composites were compared to the values obtained from two theoretical models based on the modified “rule of mixtures” method. Results from the modelling agreed well with the experimental results. Tensile strength (ranging from 43 to 58 MPa), flexural strength (ranging from 53 to 67 MPa), and impact strength (ranging from 25 to 46 kJ/m2) of the composites significantly increased for all the composites with different fiber contents when compared to the pure PP matrix having tensile strength of 36 MPa, flexural strength of 53 Mpa, and impact strength of 22 kJ/m2. Furthermore, an improvement in flexural strength but not highly significant was found for majority of the composites. Overall, PALF-PP displayed better mechanical properties among the composites due to the high tensile strength of PALF. In most of the cases, T98 (degradation temperature at 98% weight loss) of the composite samples was higher (532–544 °C) than that of 100% PP (500 °C) matrix. Fractured surfaces of the composites were observed in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and analyses were made in terms of fiber matrix interaction. This comparison will help the researcher to select any of the natural fiber for fiber-based reinforced composites according to the requirement of the final product.

/pdf/assessing-mechanical-properties-of-jute-kenaf-and-pineapple-1pf547it.pdf

Assessing Mechanical Properties of Jute, Kenaf, and Pineapple Leaf Fiber-Reinforced Polypropylene Composites: Experiment and Modelling

Peculiarities of formation of microstructure in composites based on chemically synthesized zirconium nanopowders obtained by the method of decomposition from fluoride salts were considered. Hydrofluoric acid, concentrated nitric acid, aqueous ammonia solution, metallic zirconium, and polyvinyl alcohol were used. It was established that the reduction of porosity in nanopowders in the sintering process is the main problem in the formation of high-density materials.
Analysis of various initial nanopowders, their morphology, and features of sintering by the method of hot pressing with direct transmission of electric current was made. Peculiarities of obtaining the composites based on them with the addition of Al2O3 nanopowders applying the electric sintering method were considered. It was shown that the increase in the content of alumina nano additives leads to an increase in strength and crack resistance of the samples due to simultaneous inhibition of abnormal grain growth and formation of a finer structure with a high content of tetragonal phase.
The influence of sintering modes on the formation of the microstructure of zirconium nanopowders has been studied for different contents of alumina additives. Electric current promotes the surface activity of nanopowders and its variable value promotes partial fragmentation of agglomerated grains thus affecting the composite structure.
Physical-mechanical properties of the obtained samples, optimal compositions of mixtures, and possibilities of improving some parameters were determined. It was found that nanopowders of zirconium dioxide obtained by the method of decomposition from fluoride salts are quite suitable for the production of composite materials with high physical and mechanical properties. They can compete with imported analogs and enable obtaining of crack resistance of 7.8 MPa·m1/2 and strength of 820 MPa.

Revealing specific features of structure formation in composites based on nanopowders of synthesized zirconium dioxide

The flame retardancy and mechanical properties of the composites are greatly improved due the synergistic effect between intumescent flame retardant and inorganic synergists (ZB, OMMT, and EG).

Flammability, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of ethylene‐propylene‐diene monomer/polypropylene composites filled with intumescent flame retardant and inorganic synergists

Functionalized soybean/tung oils for combined plasticization of jute fiber-reinforced polypropylene

Effect of a novel treatment fiber on mechanical properties, thermal stability and crystallization behaviors of epoxy soybean oil toughened jute fiber/polypropylene composites

Sol-gel synthesis of nano Li1.2Mn0·54Ni0·13Co0·13O2 cathode materials using DL-lactic acid as chelating agent

An Ru-doped spinel-structured LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) cathode has been prepared via a simple hydrothermal synthesis method. The as-prepared cathode is characterized via Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), laser particle size distribution analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electrochemistry performance tests. The FTIR spectroscopy and XRD analyses show that the Ru-doped LNMO has a good crystallinity with a disordered Fdm space group structure. The disordered structure in the cathode increased and the LixNi1−xO impurity phase decreased when Ru addition increased. SEM shows that all samples are octahedral particles with homogeneous sizes distribution, and the particle size analysis shows that the Ru-doped samples have smaller particle size. XPS confirms the existence of Ru ions in the sample, and reveals that the Ru induce to part of Mn4+ transfers to Mn3+ in the LNMO. The electrochemical property indicated that the Ru-doped cathode exhibits better electrochemical properties in terms of discharge capacity, cycle stability and rate performance. At a current density of 50 mA g−1, the discharge specific capacity of the Ru-4 sample is 140 mA h g−1, which is much higher than that of the other samples. It can be seen from the rate capacity curves that the Ru-doped samples exhibit high discharge specific capacity, particularly at high current density.

/pdf/a-hydrothermal-synthesis-of-ru-doped-limn1-5ni0-5o4-cathode-2vma9xdr2d.pdf

A hydrothermal synthesis of Ru-doped LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 cathode materials for enhanced electrochemical performance

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