There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

Procedure Appropriateness Category Relative Radiation Level Radiography area of interest Usually Appropriate Varies CT area of interest with IV contrast Usually Not Appropriate Varies CT area of interest without and with IV contrast Usually Not Appropriate Varies CT area of interest without IV contrast Usually Not Appropriate Varies FDG-PET/CT whole body Usually Not Appropriate ☢☢☢☢ MRI area of interest without and with IV contrast Usually Not Appropriate O MRI area of interest without IV contrast Usually Not Appropriate O Bone scan whole body Usually Not Appropriate ☢☢☢ US area of interest Usually Not Appropriate O

The American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria project.

Background Wide-ranging prevalence estimates of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) in patients with psoriasis have been reported. Objectives To assess the prevalence and incidence of PsA in patients with psoriasis. Methods Two authors independently searched 3 databases for studies reporting on the prevalence or incidence of PsA in patients with psoriasis. A proportion meta-analysis was performed to calculate the pooled proportion estimates of PsA in patients with psoriasis. Results A total of 266 studies examining 976,408 patients with psoriasis were included. Overall, the pooled proportion (95% confidence interval [CI]) of PsA among patients with psoriasis was 19.7% (95% CI, 18.5%-20.9%). In children and adolescents ( Limitations Between-study heterogeneity may have affected the estimates. Conclusions We found that 1 in 4 patients with psoriasis have PsA. With the growing recognition of the Classification Criteria for Psoriatic Arthritis, more homogenous and comparable prevalence estimates are expected to be reported.

Prevalence of psoriatic arthritis in patients with psoriasis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational and clinical studies

Association between androgens and erythropoiesis has been known for more than seven decades. Androgens stimulate hematopoietic system by various mechanisms. These include stimulation of erythropoietin release, increasing bone marrow activity and iron incorporation into the red cells. Before the discovery of recombinant erythropoietin (rhEpo), androgens were used in the treatment of anemia associated with renal disease, bone marrow suppression, and hypopituitarism. Anabolism is an additional advantage of androgen therapy. Furthermore, in light of recent reports regarding adverse effects of rhEpo, the role of androgen therapy in various types of anemias should be readdressed. Polycythemia remains a known side effect of androgen therapy. In this review, we will briefly discuss the initial animal and human studies which demonstrated the role of androgens in the treatment of anemia, their mechanism of action, a detailed account of the efficacy of androgens in the treatment of various anemias, the erythropoietic side effects of androgens and finally, the relationship between hematocrit levels and cardiovascular disease.

Androgens and erythropoiesis: past and present

A prospective registration of 1,300 patients demonstrated a low complication rate of 35 % for the dorsiflexion method for anterior ankle arthroscopy This compares favorably to other methods The historical approach of using routine distraction is not only unnecessary, but it is related with a higher complication rate It should be considered a method from the past When it comes to posterior ankle arthroscopy by means of the two-portal hindfoot approach, it was shown to be safe with a complication rate comparing favorable to that of anterior ankle arthroscopy

/pdf/complications-in-ankle-arthroscopy-dyspkeigkt.pdf

Complications in ankle arthroscopy

Background: The purpose of this study is to describe the ultrasonographic (US), computed tomographic (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in fascioliasis and to emphasize the impact of radiology in diagnosis

Fascioliasis: US, CT, and MRI findings with new observations.

Human fascioliasis

OBJECTIVES 
To analyze the anatomical basis of the scapula, acromion, os acromiale, coracoid process, coraco-acromial arch, and glenoid cavity in Turkish adults
 METHODS 
We performed the study at the Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Turkey between January 2004 and December 2005 A total of 90 dry bones of the scapula from human cadavers were randomly selected The length, width, and anterior thickness of the acromion and the acromial facet of the acromioclavicular joint were measured with an electronic caliber and was examined visually For the radiological evaluation, the posterior anterior and the lateral shoulder radiographs of 90 consecutive adult patients with normal findings were used These films were evaluated and grouped according to the acromial arch morphology
 RESULTS 
The distribution of the acromial morphologic types according to slope was type I (flat) 10%, type II (curved) 73%, type III (hooked) 17% Type I was seen in 11%, type II 66%, type III 23% of the specimens The morphological shape of the tip of the acromion was 31% cobra shaped, 13% square shaped, and 56% intermediate type The scapulas, coracoid process and the coraco acromial arch were measured In 72% of the specimen, the glenoid notch of the scapulas were absent and oval shaped, whereas in 28% the notch was well expressed and the glenoid cavity was pear shaped The mean vertical length of the glenoid cavity was 363 +/- 3 mm, and the mean transverse length was 246 +/- 25 mm Os acromiale is a rare anatomical condition Its incidence has been documented in radiographic and anatomical studies to be between 1-15% The presence of os acromiale was 1% in shoulder radiographs (os pre-acromiale), and in dry bones (os meta-acromiale)
 CONCLUSIONS 
We reported the exact morphological measurements of the bone structures of the scapula in Turkish adult population Our results present an instructive figures of anatomical preparations and radiological cases that can be used to make a more precise radiological and a differential diagnoses

Anatomical basics and variations of the scapula in Turkish adults.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the anatomic relation of the neural structures posteriorly crossing the ankle by use of classical ankle arthroscopy posterior portals and hindfoot endoscopy portals. The effect of ankle and hindfoot motions on portal-nerve distance was also determined. Methods This study included 20 feet and ankles in 20 adult volunteers who had no complaints regarding their ankle joints. To obtain 6 fixed positions of the ankle and hindfoot (neutral-neutral, neutral-varus, neutral-valgus, dorsiflexion-neutral, dorsiflexion-varus, and dorsiflexion-valgus) during magnetic resonance imaging examination, feet were positioned in a polycaprolactone splint that was shaped before examination. Magnetic resonance imaging examinations were performed at all 6 positions, and the shortest distance between the sural and posterior tibial nerves to the portals was measured at 2 different levels. Results The mean distance between the posterior tibial nerve and the posteromedial portal was 16.5 ± 5.6 mm and that between the sural nerve and the posterolateral portal was 13.1 ± 3 mm at the hindfoot portal level. At the level of the posterior ankle arthroscopy portal, the mean distance from the posterior tibial nerve to the posteromedial portal line was 13.3 ± 4.6 mm and that from the sural nerve to the posterolateral portal line was 9.7 ± 2.9 mm. The differences in distances were statistically significant ( P t test. We determined that the sural nerve approached the posterolateral portal in the dorsiflexion-varus ( P = .026), dorsiflexion-valgus ( P = .014), dorsiflexion-neutral ( P P = .035) positions, and all differences were statistically significant. Conclusions We found that the posterior medial and lateral portals created at the level of the tip of the fibula as described by van Dijk et al. while the foot was in a neutral-neutral position provided the greatest margin of safety. We found no advantage of placing the ankle and hindfoot in different positions to avoid neurologic complications. Clinical Relevance These findings suggest that neurovascular structures draw away from the posterior portals of ankle arthroscopy distally; by lowering the level of portals toward the tip of the fibula and positioning the foot at neutral, arthroscopic surgeons will decrease the risk of iatrogenic lesions.

Effect of joint motion on safety of portals in posterior ankle arthroscopy.

Our objective was to describe MR imaging findings of liver lesions in human fascioliasis. The MR imaging of the liver was performed in 29 patients with fascioliasis. Seventeen patients were women and 12 were men, with a mean age of 47.5 years (age range 17–75 years). Hepatic lesions were grouped into five types based on their signal characteristics. Three patients had normal imaging findings. One or more lesions were observed in the other 26 patients. The lesion types and the frequency of appearances were as follows: hyperintensity of the liver capsule on T2-weighted images (n=16, 55.2%); ill-defined slightly hyperintense areas on T2-weighted images (n=18, 62.1%); lesions which were hypointense on T1-weighted and hyperintense on T2-weighted images (n=10, 34.5%); hypointense on T1-weighted images and centrally hypo- or hyperintense, surrounded by peripherally less hyperintense area on T2-weighted images (n=4, 13.8%); and hypointense foci or ill-defined hypointense areas on T1- and T2-weighted images (n=10, 34.5%). We describe the MR imaging features of the disease. Our findings may help the differential diagnosis in which fascioliasis should be added to the list.

Human fascioliasis: MR imaging findings of hepatic lesions.

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