Inoculation of zinc solubilizing Bacillus aryabhattai strains for improved growth, mobilization and biofortification of zinc in soybean and wheat cultivated in Vertisols of central India

Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) offer an environment-friendly and efficient alternative to chemical pesticides and fertilizers. Among them, endospore-forming bacilli are especially attractive because their long-term stability is comparable with that of agrochemicals. Although their use is steadily increasing, exploiting of these biologicals is still limited by insufficient knowledge about the mechanisms underlying plant growth promotion and biological control. However, in recent years, some progress was made in uncovering molecular mechanisms responsible for beneficial interactions between PGP bacilli and plants. We describe here some aspects of the plant–PGP bacilli relationship in light of the genomic data recently obtained from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, and propose to choose B. amyloliquefaciens FZB42 as a paradigm for further research on PGP bacilli.

Use of Plant-Associated Bacillus Strains as Biofertilizers and Biocontrol Agents in Agriculture

Zinc solubilizing Bacillus spp. potential candidates for biofortification in maize

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens as an excellent agent for biofertilizer and biocontrol in agriculture: An overview for its mechanisms.

Both hormonal balance and plant growth may be shaped by microorganisms synthesizing phytohormones, regulating its synthesis in the plant and inducing plant resistance by releasing elicitors from cell walls (CW) by degrading enzymes (CWDE). It was shown that the Trichoderma DEMTkZ3A0 strain, isolated from a healthy rye rhizosphere, colonized the rhizoplane of wheat seedlings and root border cells (RBC) and caused approximately 40% increase of stem weight. The strain inhibited (in over 90%) the growth of polyphagous Fusarium spp. (F. culmorum, F. oxysporum, F. graminearum) phytopathogens through a mechanism of mycoparasitism. Chitinolytic and glucanolytic activity, strongly stimulated by CW of F. culmorum in the DEMTkZ3A0 liquid culture, is most likely responsible for the lysis of hyphae and macroconidia of phytopathogenic Fusarium spp. as well as the release of plant resistance elicitors. In DEMTkZ3A0 inoculated plants, an increase in the activity of the six tested plant resistance markers and a decrease in the concentration of indoleacetic acid (IAA) auxin were noted. IAA and gibberellic acid (GA) but also the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase (ACCD) enzyme regulating ethylene production by plant were synthesized by DEMTkZ3A0 in the liquid culture. IAA synthesis was dependent on tryptophan and negatively correlated with temperature, whereas GA synthesis was positively correlated with the biomass and temperature.

Phytohormones (Auxin, Gibberellin) and ACC Deaminase In Vitro Synthesized by the Mycoparasitic Trichoderma DEMTkZ3A0 Strain and Changes in the Level of Auxin and Plant Resistance Markers in Wheat Seedlings Inoculated with this Strain Conidia

We have studied the effect of soil P-related properties and inoculum concentration on plant growth promotion by the phytase-producing strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB45. The response (shoot fresh weight/Pi content) of a mycorrhizal-independent plant, Chinese cabbage, was evaluated in a soil with well-defined P-related properties. Two inoculum concentrations were evaluated under four P regimes: no P addition, inorganic P, and two levels of phytate. Significant interaction between P regime and bacterial inoculation was found. FZB45 only promoted plant growth and P uptake at the higher rate of phytate, confirming that phytase activity is its major mechanism and that is limited by soil phytate availability. The effect caused by the lower inoculum concentration was superior than that by the higher, suggesting the simultaneous involvement of a direct effect. This effect was confirmed by a soilless test, which showed a hormone-like response. FZB45 produced IAA in vitro, but its role is to be determined. These results demonstrate that soil modulates the performance of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in a specific manner, consistent to the mechanisms of action involved. Determination of those mechanisms and their modulating factors helps predict conditions where plant growth promotion will result, an important step in increasing the consistency of PGPR.

Plant growth promotion by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB45 depends on inoculum rate and P-related soil properties

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Plant growth promotion by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB45 depends on inoculum rate and P-related soil properties