Constructed wetland systems (CWs) are technologies based on natural processes for pollutant removal and have been more and more accepted in the treatment of domestic and industrial wastewater. This study selected and reviewed articles published in the last six years involving the use of different CW conceptions and their association with other technologies to treat different effluents and evaluated the quality of the effluents for reuse. From a total of 81 articles reviewed, 41 presented quantitative data on the quality of the treated effluent in relation to the requirements of the reuse regulations in different countries of the world. CWs can be used to treat gray water and runoff water, as well as domestic and industrial effluents with the purpose of reusing them. While studies on the removal of new chemical and biological substances have increased, challenges are associated with the optimization of CWs to improve the removal of pathogens and new contaminants that have appeared more recently. The potential for the improved removal of those pollutants lies in the association of CWs with conventional and advanced technologies in new configurations. We concluded that studies related to the reuse of effluents using CWs are in constant evolution, with experiments at different scales. The perspectives are promising since CWs are an economic, environmentally friendly, and efficient technology to help in the mitigation of water scarcity problems imposed by climate changes.

The Use of Constructed Wetlands to Treat Effluents for Water Reuse

Globally, grey wastewater management is potently mismanaged in developing countries, which is a threat to circular economy. In order to address two significant challenges, water scarcity and water management, this literature study intends to offer insightful information on the environmental impact and mitigation of surfactants present in greywater. The present review focuses on the recent advancements made in eliminating surfactants from greywater through various techniques such as adsorption, ultrafiltration, biodegradation, and bio-membrane separation. Despite these advancements, the complete elimination of surfactants remains a substantial and unresolved challenge. To address this widening gap in wastewater management, the present study also emphasizes the urgent implementation for alternative strategies through the reuse of both treated and untreated greywater. Additionally, it emphasizes the specific influence of surfactants on plant growth and productivity. It explores the potential of greywater as a nutrient source for crop cultivation in both terrestrial and extraterrestrial environments, using techniques such as aeroponics. It further delves into the aspects associated with the establishment of an aeroponic module for crop cultivation using GW, highlighting the importance of optimizing module design by considering various operational parameters, with a focus on surfactant-related factors such as concentration and type. However, the adoption of safe greywater reuse in irrigation and cultivation continues to face many challenges and criticism, which have been further elucidated in this review. 

Leakage of Surfactants in Greywater: Environmental Impact, Mitigation, and their Circular Economy

To solve the upcoming environmental problems, sponge city concepts as well as new technologies are being developed these days. One of the future challenges is to reduce drinking water demand by using decentralized water recycling systems. This study aimed to investigate the performance of a specially designed pilot wetland roof (PWR) treating domestic greywater (GW) at ground level under outdoor conditions and to evaluate the effects of different hydraulic loading rates (HLRs) for a period of two years. The results showed highly efficient removal of typical greywater pollutants from the system, e.g., five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) &gt; 96%, chemical oxygen demand (COD) &gt; 93%, total suspended solids (TSS) &gt;94%, anionic surfactants (AS) &gt; 94%, ammonium-nitrogen (NH4-N) &gt; 84%, total nitrogen (TN) &gt; 71%, total phosphorous (TP) &gt; 87%, and E. coli (1.86 ± 1.54 log-removal). The mean concentrations of the targeted parameters at the outflow were in compliance with the requirements for discharge to the environment and met reclaimed water quality standards for agricultural irrigation, except for E. coli. Statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05) results of pollutant mass removal rate across different HLRs indicated the potential effect of HLR on treatment performance, and HLR in a range of 67–80 L m–2 d–1 contributed to a higher removal efficiency without compromising the limit values. A comparatively low HLR of 45 L m–2 d–1 should be applicable if pathogen removal is the most important requirement. Plant species showed good plant vitality and adapted well to the water storage mat. The higher the mean ambient air temperature, the greater runoff reduction (&gt;50%) was observed due to high evapotranspiration. The results showed the system is a promising green technology for GW recycling and can be scaled up for application to urban buildings. 

Effect of Hydraulic Loading Rate on Treatment Performance of a Pilot Wetland Roof Treating Greywater from a Household

Eliminating hazardous pollutants: treatment options for dioxins and surfactants from water and wastewater: an updated review

Constructed wetland (CW) systems have been recognized as a sustainable technology for wastewater treatment that can be easily integrated into the local natural environment, offering both low cost and high efficiency. In this study, synthetic greywater was treated using a vertical subsurface flow CW operated in batch mode with 7-day cycles across two phases, operated in parallel: I, non-vegetated, and II, vegetated, with Echinodorus subalatus. The mixed filter bed was composed of seashells, ceramic brick fragments, and sand. No statistically significant differences (p &gt; 0.05) were observed between the non-vegetated and vegetated phases for most parameters. The removal efficiencies of organic matter, anionic surfactants, and total phosphorus in the non-vegetated versus vegetated phases were (91.0 ± 3.8)% versus (94.0 ± 1.1)%; (71.9 ± 14.1)% versus (60.0 ± 9.5)%; and (35.2 ± 4.6)% versus (40.2 ± 15.5)%, respectively. Phosphorus removal exceeded values reported in the literature for both phases, primarily due to the calcium present in the seashells, which increased the electrical conductivity and hardness of the effluent compared to the influent. The macrophyte exhibited leaf desiccation, possibly due to contact with greywater and its young age (30 days), which may have negatively impacted the system’s performance during the vegetated phase. 

Enhancing Greywater Treatment: High-Efficiency Constructed Wetlands with Seashell and Ceramic Brick Substrates

Surfactants are among the main chemical contaminants in greywater (GW) and can cause severe health issues in humans and aquatic organisms. We assessed the performance of a multistage constructed wetland system (EvaTAC) for GW treatment and capacity of the microbial community in linear alkyl benzene sulfonate (LAS) biodegradation. Physicochemical analyses were performed over 497 d, and biomass samples were collected for high-throughput DNA sequencing. The system was predominated by anaerobic conditions and received an average chemical oxygen demand (COD) and LAS of 374 and 32 mg·L−1, with removal rates of 66% and 43%, respectively. A positive correlation between COD and LAS suggested COD as a design parameter for LAS removal. We identified microbial genera participating in hydrolysis, fermentation, syntrophy, acetogenesis, methanogenesis, surfactant degradation, and sulphate reduction. Among the 15 surfactant-degrading genera, Pseudomonas was predominant. Community richness and diversity indices were comparable between subsystems, with a slight decrease in diversity observed towards the outlet. Among the LAS degraders, Rhodopseudomonas palustris had the highest relative abundance of operational taxonomic unit (OTU)s in all samples and the highest richness in the anaerobic chamber. The patterns in microbial community composition and environmental conditions suggest that LAS biodegradation occurred throughout the EvaTAC system.

/pdf/assessment-of-surfactant-removal-capacity-and-microbial-l3uxccp4.pdf

Assessment of Surfactant Removal Capacity and Microbial Community Diversity in a Greywater-Treating Constructed Wetland

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Assessment of Surfactant Removal Capacity and Microbial Community Diversity in a Greywater-Treating Constructed Wetland