Abstract The applications of hydrogels have expanded significantly due to their versatile, highly tunable properties and breakthroughs in biomaterial technologies. In this review, we cover the major achievements and the potential of hydrogels in therapeutic applications, focusing primarily on two areas: emerging cell-based therapies and promising non-cell therapeutic modalities. Within the context of cell therapy, we discuss the capacity of hydrogels to overcome the existing translational challenges faced by mainstream cell therapy paradigms, provide a detailed discussion on the advantages and principal design considerations of hydrogels for boosting the efficacy of cell therapy, as well as list specific examples of their applications in different disease scenarios. We then explore the potential of hydrogels in drug delivery, physical intervention therapies, and other non-cell therapeutic areas (e.g., bioadhesives, artificial tissues, and biosensors), emphasizing their utility beyond mere delivery vehicles. Additionally, we complement our discussion on the latest progress and challenges in the clinical application of hydrogels and outline future research directions, particularly in terms of integration with advanced biomanufacturing technologies. This review aims to present a comprehensive view and critical insights into the design and selection of hydrogels for both cell therapy and non-cell therapies, tailored to meet the therapeutic requirements of diverse diseases and situations. 

Harnessing the potential of hydrogels for advanced therapeutic applications: current achievements and future directions

This work introduces novel nitroxide-based nanogels (NGs) crafted through controlled RAFT (Reversible Addition Fragmentation chain Transfer) polymerization, showcasing over 85% improved shelf-life compared to native superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes. These 30–40 nm NGs hold great promise for injectable delivery, effectively reducing foam cell formation and displaying potent antioxidant behavior against various reactive oxygen species (ROS), revolutionizing antioxidant therapy. Featuring a meticulously designed core-shell structure via precise RAFT polymerization, these NGs mimic SOD enzymatic activity with nitroxide-based antioxidants, providing unprecedented defense against ROS. Combining methacrylated 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-4-piperidyl methacrylate (PMA) and Glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) monomers with precisely synthesized nitroxyl radicals results in exceptional properties. Validated through comprehensive analytical methods, these NGs exhibit remarkable stability, halting foam cell formation even at high concentrations, and demonstrate notable biocompatibility. Their ability to protect low density lipoprotein (LDL) from oxidation for up to a month positions them at the forefront of combating cardiovascular diseases, especially atherosclerosis. This study pioneers injectable antioxidant therapy, offering an innovative approach to cardiovascular ailments. Targeting narrow plaques signifies a promising intervention, reshaping cardiovascular disease treatments. It highlights the potential of advanced drug delivery in biomedicine, promising more effective cardiovascular disease treatments. 

Injectable biocompatible RAFT mediated nitroxide nanogels: A robust ROS-reduction antioxidant approach.

Sericin, a protein derived from silkworm cocoons, was considered as a waste product derived from silk industry for thousands of years due to a lack of understanding of its properties. However, in recent decades, a range of exciting properties of sericin have been studied and uncovered, including cytocompatibility, low-immunogenicity, photo-luminescence, antioxidant properties, as well as cell-function regulating activities. These properties make sericin-based biomaterials promising candidates for biomedical applications. This review summarizes the properties and bioactivities of silk sericin and highlights the latest developments on sericin in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Furthermore, the extended application of sericin in developing flexible electronic devices and 3D bioprinting is also discussed. It is believed that sericin-based biomaterials have great potential of being developed into novel tissue engineering products and smart implantable devices for various medical applications towards improving clinical outcomes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Development and Application of an Advanced Biomedical Material-Silk Sericin.

Diabetic wound healing potential of silk sericin protein based hydrogels enriched with plant extracts.

Articular cartilage defects afflict millions of individuals worldwide, presenting a significant challenge due to the tissue's limited self-repair capability and anisotropic nature. Hydrogel-based biomaterials have emerged as promising candidates for scaffold production in artificial cartilage construction, owing to their water-rich composition, biocompatibility, and tunable properties. Nevertheless, conventional hydrogels typically lack the anisotropic structure inherent to natural cartilage, impeding their clinical and preclinical applications. Recent advancements in tissue engineering (TE) have introduced magnetically responsive hydrogels, a type of intelligent hydrogel that can be remotely controlled using an external magnetic field. These innovative materials offer a means to create the desired anisotropic architecture required for successful cartilage TE. In this review, we first explore conventional techniques employed for cartilage repair and subsequently delve into recent breakthroughs in the application and utilization of magnetic hydrogels across various aspects of articular cartilage TE. 

Magnetic hydrogel applications in articular cartilage tissue engineering.

Sericin-reinforced dual-crosslinked hydrogel for cartilage defect repair.

Preparation of a modified silk-based gel/microsphere composite as a potential hepatic arterial embolization agent

In this paper, we find a new method for deep energy level detection of F within AlGaN/GaN heterojunction HEMT device, which successfully detected the energy level of F elements in AlGaN/GaN heterojunctions by a two-photon process combined with polar organic liquids treatment techniques. Two lights illuminated the device surface at the same time. The rapid increase of Ids can be observed only when the wavelengths of light corresponding to the F energy level. Thus, the energy level of the F element in AlGaN/GaN heterojunction open-gate HEMT devices was successfully detected. This method provides a new idea for the deep energy level detection of III-V compound semiconductor devices.

Two-photon process in F treated AlGaN/GaN heterojunction HEMT device

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Sericin-reinforced dual-crosslinked hydrogel for cartilage defect repair.

Preparation of a modified silk-based gel/microsphere composite as a potential hepatic arterial embolization agent

Two-photon process in F treated AlGaN/GaN heterojunction HEMT device