Optimality Theory: References

Aims and Objectives/Purpose/Research Questions:We investigate the extent to which L1 versus adult L2 phonological systems resist influence from an L3. We test the Phonological Permeability Hypothes...

Testing the Phonological Permeability Hypothesis: L3 phonological effects on L1 versus L2 systems:

There is growing recognition that multilingualism is a norm rather than an exception and that it constitutes a default state of human linguistic competence. This phenomenon has become particularly ...

Investigating the Acquisition of Phonology in a Third Language--A State of the Science and an Outlook for the Future.

The aim of this paper is to determine whether all languages in the linguistic repertoire of a multilingual speaker manifest cross-linguistic influence (CLI) and establish the directions of CLI on the basis of chosen vowels from the linguistic repertoire of two groups: the Bilingual group (L1 Polish/L2 Danish) and the Multilingual group (L1 Polish/L2 Danish/L3 English). The results show that L1 Polish vowels are higher and fronter as a result of the influence of L2 Danish and L3 English. L2 Danish vowels are backer as a result of L1 Polish. Also, L3 English vowels are produced on target, possibly due to combined CLI from L1 and L2. The only direction of CLI that is not observed is from L3 to L2. The existence of a global language system is postulated, which should be treated as one entity whose characteristics depend on the characteristics of its component languages. Each component language has unique features because it is influenced by other component languages in a particular global language sys...

Multilingual acquisition of vowels in L1 Polish, L2 Danish and L3 English

This article has two main objectives. First, we offer an introduction to the subfield of generative third language (L3) acquisition. Concerned primarily with modeling initial stages transfer of morphosyntax, one goal of this program is to show how initial stages L3 data make significant contributions toward a better understanding of how the mind represents language and how (cognitive) economy constrains acquisition processes more generally. Our second objective is to argue for and demonstrate how this subfield will benefit from a neuro/psycholinguistic methodological approach, such as event-related potential experiments, to complement the claims currently made on the basis of exclusively behavioral experiments.

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Neurolinguistic measures of typological effects in multilingual transfer: introducing an ERP methodology

The Phonological Permeability Hypothesis: Measuring Regressive L3 Influence to Test L1 and L2 Phonological Representations.

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The Phonological Permeability Hypothesis: Measuring Regressive L3 Influence to Test L1 and L2 Phonological Representations.