Hard efforts are made to ensure the mature economies in the EU to develop further and keep track of the leading position in the global economy. Emphasis is put on innovation and technology development as a strategy to ensure growth. The Lisbon agenda on growth and innovation has enforced the EU economies to develop programmes to support and enhance regional growth and development. Various measures have been taken by the Swedish government to support innovation and national strategic growth potential industries or sectors have been identified and supported by national funding. The government programmes on innovation and growth is described as necessary and thereby of national interest. However, large amounts of money is spent in what’s termed as prioritized industrial segment. In the Swedish case bio technologies; ICT and electro technology; material technology and other priorities which are connected to Swedish basic industry are pointed out (Governmental bill 2001/02:2). These are areas of traditionally male interest with strong connection to technology and the making of a masculine gender.

http://www-sre.wu.ac.at/ersa/ersaconfs/ersa10/ERSA2010finalpaper1207.pdf

Sustainable Regional Growth and Development in the Creative Knowledge Economy

This essay analyses the politics of horizontality—a key characteristic of recent forms of protest and activist citizenship—through the case of the 2012–2013 protests in Slovenia. The Slovenian case...

/pdf/from-protest-to-party-horizontality-and-verticality-on-the-2dmcianobo.pdf

From Protest to Party: Horizontality and Verticality on the Slovenian Left

The digital mapping applications underlying augmented reality have strong public benefits but can also have unappreciated effects on real property. In recent litigation on Pokemon Go, an enhanced digital mapping application in which players participate in a digital scavenger hunt by visiting real world locations, homeowners alleged that the augmented reality application harmed their residential properties by increasing the number of people in their residential areas. However, neither the existing laws on intellectual property nor those for real property are designed to address these types of harms. On the one hand, real property torts, such as nuisance and trespass, on which the homeowners relied, are ill-suited to address harms from a digital application as they are based on a right to exclude and consent. On the other hand, intellectual property laws have not focused on harms that could result from the intersection of intellectual property rights and real property. If it were to be framed anew, the basis of the homeowners’ claims would be most analogous to asserting “a right not to be mapped.” However, there is not yet a “right not to be mapped” in law, and there are compelling reasons for the law not to create one. We recommend three alternative mechanisms to regulate the relationship between augmented reality and real property. We recommend the application of zoning principles as a legal mechanism designed for location-sensitive regulation, which can balance the concerns of individual real property owners, as well as the larger context of community and city interests, and be adapted to innovative technologies such as augmented reality. Additionally, we suggest that catalogues of augmented reality applications be created to support zoning decisions and to provide public notice. We also consider the possibility of licensing schemes with micropayments for real properties affected by augmented reality.

https://www.mdpi.com/2075-471X/7/2/23/pdf

A Right Not to Be Mapped? Augmented Reality, Real Property, and Zoning

Urban parks are now viewed as an important part of the urban and neighborhood development rather than just recreation and leisure facilities. They are oriented for multifunctional services. Besides, they play an important role in improving the environment and landscape conditions that result in green spaces which have become an essential part in cities due to their strategic importance for the quality of life. As the world's urban population increases, urban areas encounter new problems such as: uncontrolled use of resources, greenhouse effect, ozone depletion, …… etc. To face these problems of urban areas, sustainable urban parks have become a significant urban planning policy and development approach. The city of Alexandria (Egypt) is rich with its urban parks such as Al Montazah Park, Al Shalalat Park and Antoniadis Park. However, the lack of coordination of physical planning activities within the city, has resulted into an unpleasant quality of the environment and decrease in the number of sustainable urban parks. Moreover, urban population has rapidly increased, thus the city of Alexandria has been enlarged and gradually human relations with nature have been damaged. For these reasons, people in Alexandria have lost the opportunity to come in contact with nature. The paper will discuss the causes of decreasing urban parks and its effects on people's health and the significant need to improve these spaces to develop the city and achieve sustainability. It will also highlight the important role of urban parks and their design strategies. It will analyze an international example which was transformed to provide a high quality of living environment presenting the suggested ways to create sustainable open spaces as an integrated part of a sustainable city. Finally, the paper will focus on developing Al Montazah urban park in Alexandria to achieve sustainability. The aim of the paper is to transform urban parks within the environment of Alexandria to improve and enhance the quality of life in order to reach a sustainable city.

Towards Effective and Sustainable Urban Parks in Alexandria

Since 1961 the City of New York has allowed buildings to receive added floor area in exchange for privately owned public spaces. These spaces, typically in the form of small outdoor plazas, are spatially clustered in the densest areas of Manhattan and serve as a valuable public amenity for the residents and employees in these areas. Many of the 500+ spaces built before the last major overhaul of the design regulations in 2007 inhibit public use through poor design and management, and new zoning regulations dictate the design and operational standards that make new and redesigned plazas functional and usable. The recent resurgence of the public realm in New York City has brought attention to the quality of public space design and the activities that can take place in the public and private public spaces of the City. As the rate at which the City constructs new public parks slows and developers continue to provide new and redesigned privately owned public spaces, there exists the potential for new and innovative forms of public space given the variability of the designers. As zoning continues to govern these spaces, the administrative review process is increasingly discretionary and creates many levels of uncertainty for the developer and designer. This thesis examines the regulations and administrative processes for new and redesigned plazas to recommend a level of regulation that is clear, flexible, and sustainable over time. The thesis also examines the elements of the public space projects of the past decade to recommend additional provisions in the zoning regulations to align the design of privately owned public spaces with the emerging ideals of public space design being demonstrated in parks, plazas, and waterfronts around the world. The recommendations presented explore policies for the appropriate level of design review oversight, for including the most appropriate urban elements prevalent in emerging public space trends, and for encouraging higher quality design in plazas. Thesis Supervisor: Brent D. Ryan, PhD Title: Assistant Professor of Urban Design and Public Policy Thesis Reader: Eran Ben-Joseph, PhD Title: Professor of Landscape Architecture and Planning

A new life for plazas : reimagining privately owned public spaces in New York City

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