The development of artificial organs and implants for replacement of injured and diseased hard tissues such as bones, teeth and joints is highly desired in orthopedic surgery. Orthopedic prostheses have shown an enormous success in restoring the function and offering high quality of life to millions of individuals each year. Therefore, it is pertinent for an engineer to set out new approaches to restore the normal function of impaired hard tissues. Over the last few decades, a large number of metals and applied materials have been developed with significant improvement in various properties in a wide range of medical applications. However, the traditional metallic bone implants are dense and often suffer from the problems of adverse reaction, biomechanical mismatch and lack of adequate space for new bone tissue to grow into the implant. Scientific advancements have been made to fabricate porous scaffolds that mimic the architecture and mechanical properties of natural bone. The porous structure provides necessary framework for the bone cells to grow into the pores and integrate with host tissue, known as osteointegration. The appropriate mechanical properties, in particular, the low elastic modulus mimicking that of bone may minimize or eliminate the stress-shielding problem. Another important approach is to develop biocompatible and corrosion resistant metallic materials to diminish or avoid adverse body reaction. Although numerous types of materials can be involved in this fast developing field, some of them are more widely used in medical applications. Amongst them, titanium and some of its alloys provide many advantages such as excellent biocompatibility, high strength-to-weight ratio, lower elastic modulus, and superior corrosion resistance, required for dental and orthopedic implants. Alloying elements, i.e. Zr, Nb, Ta, Sn, Mo and Si, would lead to superior improvement in properties of titanium for biomedical applications. New processes have recently been developed to synthesize biomimetic porous titanium scaffolds for bone replacement through powder metallurgy. In particular, the space holder sintering method is capable of adjusting the pore shape, the porosity, and the pore size distribution, notably within the range of 200 to 500 m as required for osteoconductive applications. The present chapter provides a review on the characteristics of porous metal scaffolds used as bone replacement as well as fabrication processes of porous titanium (Ti) scaffolds through a space holder sintering method. Finally, surface modification of the resultant porous Ti scaffolds through a biomimetic chemical technique is reviewed, in order to ensure that the surfaces of the scaffolds fulfill the requirements for biomedical applications.

/pdf/biomimetic-porous-titanium-scaffolds-for-orthopedic-and-2faocqkh5v.pdf

Biomimetic Porous Titanium Scaffolds for Orthopedic and Dental Applications

The material and manufacturing process selection problem is a multi-attribute decision-making problem. These decisions are made during the preliminary design stages in an environment characterized by imprecise and uncertain requirements, parameters, and relationships. Material and process selection decisions must occur before design for manufacturing can begin. This paper describes a prototype material and manufacturing process selection system called MAMPS that integrates a formal multi-attribute decision model with a relational database. The decision model enables the representation of the designer's preferences over the decision factors. A compatibility rating between the product profile requirements and the alternatives stored in the database for each decision criteria is generated using possibility theory. The vector of compatibility ratings are aggregated into a single rating of that alternative's compatibility. A ranked set of compatible material and manufacturing process alternatives is output by the system. This approach has advantages over existing systems that either do not have a decision module or are not integrated with a database.

/pdf/a-decision-support-system-for-material-and-manufacturing-3tvxdiin2a.pdf

A Decision Support System for Material and Manufacturing Process Selection

Development of a sustainability risk assessment index of a mechanical system at conceptual design stage

Re‐entrant auxetic structures fabricated by fused deposition modeling: An experimental study of influence of process parameters under compressive loading

This article presents an approach to facilitate comparison and optimization of sandwich material combinations. Equivalent homogenized sandwich material properties (bending stiffness, density, and c...

Sandwich Materials Selection Charts

Materials, processing and the environment in engineering design: the issues

A design-led procedure is developed for the selection of materials to resist creep, creep fracture, creep relaxation and creep buckling. It is an extension of a successful procedure for room temperature design which uses performance indices and materials-selection charts. The extension requires the definition of a ‘design strength’, σD, which characterizes material response under conditions imposed by the design. Materials are ranked by an optimization procedure which combines σD with other properties (such as density, or cost, or stiffness) to isolate the subset which best meet the design specification.

Materials selection to resist creep

Materials and process selection

Materials selection to resist creep and creep rupture

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Materials, processing and the environment in engineering design: the issues

Materials selection to resist creep

Materials and process selection

Materials selection to resist creep and creep rupture