Low-temperature fuel cells operating on hydrazine fuel in acid and alkaline media comprise a promising class of new, non-conventional sources of energy. High battery performance is expected of hydrazine-based cells. The electrooxidation of hydrazine on the surface of different catalysts has been extensively studied recently. Examples of Direct Hydrazine Fuel Cells (DHFC) with anion or cation-exchange membranes show notable power densities. These aspects of DHFC development with analysis of future improvements in their performance based on changes such as an increase in catalytic activity, membrane type selection and MEA fabrication, are summarized in the present review.

Direct hydrazine fuel cells: A review

A hybrid carbon fiber electrode (CFE) consisting of TiO2 semiconductor photocatalyst and Pt-Ru catalyst has been developed to boost the performance of direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC). These two catalyst nanoparticles are deposited on opposite sides of the carbon fiber paper such that methanol oxidation is carried out catalytically on Pt-Ru and photocatalytically on TiO2 under UV-light irradiation. Since both catalysts carry out methanol oxidation independently, we observe an additive effect in the current generation. The carbon support fibers provide a large network to collect the electrons from both of these catalytic processes and thus assist in efficient current generation. In addition, TiO2 improves the performance of the Pt-Ru catalyst in dark, indicating possible surface area improvement or diminished poisoning effects. The concept of incorporating a photocatalyst provides new ways to minimize precious metal content and enhance the performance of DMFCs. At low catalyst loadings (0.15 mg/cm2) at 295 K, a 25% enhancement in the peak power density is observed upon illumination with light.

Boosting fuel cell performance with a semiconductor photocatalyst: TiO2/Pt-Ru hybrid catalyst for methanol oxidation.

In the present review recent achievements in the development of new type of liquid fed fuel cell, specifically ethylene glycol (EG) operated in acid and alkaline media were summarized. The mechanism of EG electrooxidation in acid media on the platinum surface as well as on different platinum alloys is described. The development in the preparation of new effective electrocatalysts both for ethylene glycol oxidation and oxygen reduction in the presence of EG is discussed. Methods for improving the performance of direct ethylene glycol fuel cells (DEGFC), e.g., MEAs fabrication, operation conditions, etc. are shown.

Recent achievements in direct ethylene glycol fuel cells (DEGFC)

Performance and methanol permeation of direct methanol fuel cells: dependence on operating conditions and on electrode structure

Fuel (methanol) crossover through the polymeric electrolyte membrane in a single direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) was determined by monitoring the amount of CO 2 produced from methanol oxidation. Instead of measuring CO 2 from only the cathode by a conventional method, the amounts of CO 2 at both of the cathode and the anode were determined in the present study. Gravimetric determination of BaCO 3 was employed to accurately analyze the amount of CO 2 . The equivalent current of methanol crossover can be calculated from the discharge current of the fuel cell and the sum of dry BaCO 3 precipitate collected at the anode and the cathode exhausts. The common experimental deviation of measuring methanol crossover caused by CO 2 permeation through polymeric electrolyte membrane can be corrected with the proposed method. These data of methanol crossover were compared with the data of single cell polarization behaviors at different methanol concentrations and different temperatures. The energy density of the DMFC is not only dependent on the cell discharge performance but also significantly dependent on the faradaic efficiency that is directly linked to methanol crossover. Under the optimized operating conditions, 1.0 M methanol at 60°C, the DMFC has an energy density of 1800 Wh/kg based on pure methanol.

Comparative Studies of Methanol Crossover and Cell Performance for a DMFC

Recent developments of the measurement of the methanol permeation in a direct methanol fuel cell

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Recent developments of the measurement of the methanol permeation in a direct methanol fuel cell