OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to investigate antitumour effect and possible toxicity of kaempferitrin, the major compound from ethanol extract of Chenopodium ambrosioides, in the mice model of human liver cancer xenografts.


METHODS
Forty mice bearing SMMC-7721 cells xenografts were divided into control group (not treated) and three groups orally administered with ethanol extract of C. ambrosioides, kaempferol (positive control) and kaempferitrin for 30 days. Antitumour effect was evaluated by measurement of tumour growth, histological examinations of tumours, flow cytometry detection of splenic CD19+ B lymphocytes and CD161+ Natural Killer cells, biochemical measurements of serum levels of tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, interferon-γ, malonaldehyde, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenz thiazoline-6-sulphonate) radicals. Toxicity was evaluated by histological examinations of livers and measurements of serum levels of aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, malonaldehyde and hepatic malonaldehyde level.


KEY FINDINGS
Kaempferitrin significantly (P < 0.05) decreased tumour volume, mass and cell number. Antitumour effect was due to induction of tumour cells necrosis and apoptosis, stimulation of splenic B lymphocytes, decreases of radicals and malonaldehyde. Kaempferitrin did not change liver structure, and decreased serum levels of transaminases, bilirubin, malonaldehyde and hepatic malonaldehyde level.


CONCLUSIONS
Kaempferitrin exerts antitumour and hepatoprotective effects.

Kaempferitrin, a major compound from ethanol extract of Chenopodium ambrosioides, exerts antitumour and hepatoprotective effects in the mice model of human liver cancer xenografts.

Kaempferitrin is an active component in Chenopodium ambrosioides, showing medicinal functions against liver cancer. This study aimed to identify the potential targets and pathways of kaempferitrin against liver cancer using network pharmacology and molecular docking, and verify the essential hub targets and pathway in mice model of SMMC-7721 cells xenografted tumors and SMMC-7721 cells. Kaempferitrin therapeutical targets were obtained by searching SwissTargetPrediction, PharmMapper, STITCH, DrugBank, and TTD databases. Liver cancer specific genes were obtained by searching GeneCards, DrugBank, TTD, OMIM, and DisGeNET databases. PPI network of "kaempferitrin-targets-liver cancer" was constructed to screen the hub targets. GO, KEGG pathway and MCODE clustering analyses were performed to identify possible enrichment of genes with specific biological subjects. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation were employed to determine the docking pose, potential and stability of kaempferitrin with hub targets. The potential anti-liver cancer mechanisms of kaempferitrin, as predicted by network pharmacology analyses, were verified by in vitro and in vivo experiments. 228 kaempferitrin targets and 2186 liver cancer specific targets were identified, of which 50 targets were overlapped. 8 hub targets were identified through network topology analysis, and only SIRT1 and TP53 had a potent binding activity with kaempferitrin as indicated by molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation. MCODE clustering analysis revealed the most significant functional module of PPI network including SIRT1 and TP53 was mainly related to cell apoptosis. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses suggested that kaempferitrin exerted therapeutic effects on liver cancer possibly by promoting apoptosis via p21/Bcl-2/Caspase 3 signaling pathway, which were confirmed by in vivo and in vitro experiments, such as HE staining of tumor tissues, CCK-8, qRT-PCR and western blot. This study provided not only insight into how kaempferitrin could act against liver cancer by identifying hub targets and their associated signaling pathways, but also experimental evidence for the clinical use of kaempferitrin in liver cancer treatment. 

Potential anti-liver cancer targets and mechanisms of kaempferitrin based on network pharmacology, molecular docking and experimental verification

Background: Despite extensive phytochemical research on white tea varieties, flavonoid profiling in Baihao Yinzhen remains scarce. The development of green and efficient extraction methods is essential to facilitate its potential application in cosmetic formulations. Methods: A deep eutectic solvent-based ultrasound-assisted extraction (DES-UAE) was developed for Baihao Yinzhen flavonoids. After screening of 14 DESs and optimizing the conditions via single-factor and response surface methodology, the extracts were analyzed by UPLC-MS. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells by measuring TNF-α and IL-6 levels, with molecular docking simulating flavonoid–cytokine interactions; Results: Among 14 tested deep eutectic solvents, hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin/lactic acid (HP-β-CD/La) was identified as the most effective solvent for flavonoid extraction. Under optimized conditions (HBD/HBA mass ratio 3:1, temperature 60 °C, water content 40%, solid–liquid ratio 1:19, extraction time 62 min), the maximum flavonoid yield reached 108.72 mg RE/g DW. The DES extract (2.5 μg/mL) significantly suppressed TNF-α and IL-6 secretion in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells compared to the water extract. UPLC-MS identified five major flavonoid glycosides, and molecular docking revealed their strong binding affinities with TNF-α and IL-6 proteins. Conclusions: DES-UAE provides an efficient green method for flavonoid extraction. The extract demonstrates significant anti-inflammatory activity, supporting its potential as a natural cosmetic ingredient. This study aimed to develop an efficient and green DES-UAE method for the extraction of flavonoids from Baihao Yinzhen, in order to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the extract and to explore the potential interaction mechanisms of key flavonoids with inflammatory targets via molecular docking. 

Total Flavonoid Extraction from Baihao Yinzhen Utilizing Ultrasound-Assisted Deep Eutectic Solvent: Optimization of Conditions, Anti-Inflammatory, and Molecular Docking Analysis

The pursuit of an improved quality of life is a major trend in the food market. This is driving the reformulation of the industry’s product portfolio, with the aim of providing nourishment while also contributing to beneficial health metabolic processes. In this context, the use of local biodiversity and the recovery of the traditional knowledge associated with the consumption of vegetables that grow spontaneously in nature emerge as more sustainable and nutritionally adequate concepts. The Amazon region is known for its abundant biodiversity, housing numerous unconventional food plants whose nutritional and biological properties remain unknown due to a lack of research. Among the different species are Xanthosoma sagittifolium, Acmella oleracea, Talinum triangulare, Pereskia bleo, Bidens bipinnata, and Costus spiralis. These species contain bioactive compounds such as apigenin, syringic acid, spilanthol, and lutein, which provide various health benefits. There are few reports on the biological effects, nutritional composition, bioactive compounds, and market prospects for these species. Therefore, this review provides an overview of their nutritional contribution, bioactive compounds, health benefits, and current market, as well as the use of new technologies that can contribute to the development of functional products/ingredients derived from them. 

Unconventional Edible Plants of the Amazon: Bioactive Compounds, Health Benefits, Challenges, and Future Trends

Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin and Clemants: bridging traditional knowledge, photochemistry, preclinical investigations, and toxicological validation for health benefits.

Effects of microwave power, ultrasonic power and extraction time on bioactive flavonoids extraction from Chenopodium ambrosioides

Purpose: To determine the characteristic chemical components of the ethanol extract of Chenopodium ambrosioides and evaluate their antioxidant and anti-tumor effects in vitro. 
Methods: The plant powder (5 g) was extracted with 1 L of 80 % ethanol at room temperature for 45 min, and then placed at 60 oC at varying microwave power and duration to obtain optimal extraction conditions. Characteristic chemical components were detected using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS). Kaempferitrin was isolated from the 80 % ethanol extract using a D101 macroporous resin column, and its content was assessed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The antioxidant effect of kaempferitrin was evaluated by its ability to scavenge 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS) radicals, while its anti-proliferation activity in human liver cancer cells SMMC-7721 was determined using cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) reagent. 
Results: Three characteristic components of ethanol extract of C. ambrosioides were obtained, namely, kaempferitrin, kaempferol-3-O-apigenin-7-O-rhamnoside and kaempferol-3-O-acetylapigenin-7-O-rhamnoside. Kaempferitrin was shown to possess strong DPPH radical and moderate ABTS radical scavenging activities. Kaempferitrin significantly inhibited the proliferation of SMMC-7721 cells at doses of 4 and 8 μg/mL, with half-maximal concentration (IC50) of 0.38 μM (p < 0.05). 
Conclusion: Kaempferitrin extracted from C. ambrosioides has antioxidant and anti-tumor activities. The results reported here indicate that C. ambrosioides may have potential use in herbal medicine practice.

/pdf/identification-of-the-chemical-components-of-ethanol-extract-64e7l2q7.pdf

Identification of the chemical components of ethanol extract of Chenopodium ambrosioides and evaluation of their in vitro antioxidant and anti tumor activities

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Effects of microwave power, ultrasonic power and extraction time on bioactive flavonoids extraction from Chenopodium ambrosioides

Identification of the chemical components of ethanol extract of Chenopodium ambrosioides and evaluation of their in vitro antioxidant and anti tumor activities