Wheat and chickpea intercropping systems in an additive series experiment: Advantages and weed smothering

Raising temperature and increased drought events induced by a changing climate have increased the need for efficient use of natural resources and energy supplies. Producing sufficient food and fibers for the growing population with changing consumption patterns from ever decreasing resource base requires strategic plans for efficient use of natural resources such as water, nutrients, and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Water is considered as the second most limiting factor after land to increase food and fiber production. It is essential for various chemical and physiological reactions in plants and provides a medium where most cellular functions take place. Soil water-deficit significantly reduces crop yield and productivity through its adverse effects on nutrient uptake, net assimilation, and radiation use efficiency and subsequently on dry matter accumulation and production. Soil water affects nutrient transformation from unavailable to available form or vice versa, and thereby the total uptake amount. It also influences the availability of applied nutrients and efficiency through its effect on various nutrient loss mechanisms such as volatilization, nitrification, and/or urease hydrolysis. Soil nutrients and PAR are also key factors in crop production. Plants usually suffer from nutrient deficiencies and more importantly a reduction in net photosynthetic assimilation rate under water stress. Better inception of PAR is needed for higher biomass production and grain yield, which is also hampered under water-limited environments. The situation is expected to be further intensified in a future changing climate, which urgently calls for efficient adaptation strategies to mitigate the negative impacts associated with these changes on crop production, especially in dry areas. Therefore, improving the efficiency of natural resources use continues to escalate as a topic of interest for crop and soil scientists. This review presents an outline of defining water use efficiency, nitrogen use efficiency, and radiation use efficiency as well as their relationship under water-limited environments to identify agronomic- and physiologically-improved strategies for enhancing water, nutrient (nitrogen), and radiation use by field crops.

Improving water use efficiency, nitrogen use efficiency, and radiation use efficiency in field crops under drought stress: A review

High grain yield with adequate protein concentration is an important goal for spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production. A field experiment conducted at two sites representing sandy loam and clay loam soils in Ottawa during 2003 and 2004 examined the effects of planting date and nitrogen (N) management on grain yield and grain protein concentration (GPC) in spring wheat. Cultivar AC Brio was planted at three dates at about 10 d intervals starting from the last week of April. Five N treatments were 0, 60, and 100 kg N ha 21 applied as preplant, 60140 (preplant 1 topdress at boot stage), and 60 1 40 kg N ha 21 (preplant 1 foliar spray at boot stage). Both planting date and N had significant effects on grain yield and GPC. When planting was delayed beyond mid-May, grain yield was reduced by 15 to 45% in three out of four site-years. However, GPC increased by 6 to 17% in all late planting dates than the early plantings. Grain yields were increased with N application, but there was no benefit due to split N application as topdress or foliar spray than a single application at 100 kg N ha 21 . Regardless of application method, GPC was greater with 100 kg N ha 21 than with 0 or 60 kg ha 21 , and GPC was more responsive to applied N in a sandy loam soil than in the clay loam soil. Results of this study suggest that it is likely to achieve the target GPC in spring wheat without a significant reduction in grain yield if wheat is planted before the middle of May, especially in clay loam soil.

Planting Date and Nitrogen Effects on Grain Yield and Protein Content of Spring Wheat

Sowing date and nitrogen fertilisation effects on dry matter and nitrogen dynamics for durum wheat: An experimental and simulation study

There is limited information on agronomic practices affecting wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield in intensively managed dryland systems despite the opportunity to narrow the existing yield gap (YG). We used a unique database of 100 intensively managed field-years entered in the Kansas Wheat Yield Contest during the 2010 to 2017 harvest seasons to (i) quantify the YG, (ii) describe wheat management, and (iii) identify management opportunities and weather patterns associated with yield. We simulated wheat water-limited yield (Yw) using Simple Simulation Modeling–Wheat (SSM-Wheat) model for each field-year to estimate YG as the difference between Yw and actual yield (Ya) and used 11 statistical approaches to test the association of management practices and weather variables with Ya. Wheat Ya averaged 5.5 Mg ha −1, and simulated Yw averaged 6.4 Mg ha −1, resulting in a YG of 0.9 Mg ha−1 (15% of Yw). High-yielding fields had lower maximum and minimum temperatures and greater cumulative solar radiation and precipitation during grain fill. Varieties susceptible to fungal diseases responded to foliar fungicide (0.8–1.4 Mg ha−1), whereas resistant varieties did not. Seeding rate was negatively associated with Ya, as yield quantile 0.99 was 7.5 Mg ha −1 and decreased by 2.7 Mg ha−1 for every 100-seed m−2 increase in seeding rate above 305 seeds m−2. In-furrow P fertilizer, previous crop, tillage practice, and N timing were also associated with Ya. We conclude that fields entered in yield contests have closed the exploitable YG, and there are opportunities to improve Ya through improved management in regions with stagnant wheat yield. R.P. Lollato, D.A. Ruiz Diaz, M. Knapp, D.E. Peterson, and A.K. Fritz, Dep. of Agronomy, Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS 66506; E. DeWolf, Dep. of Plant Pathology, Kansas State Univ., Manhattan, KS 66506. Received 13 Apr. 2018. Accepted 7 Oct. 2018. *Corresponding author (lollato@ksu.edu). Assigned to Associate Editor Qingwu Xue. Abbreviations: BIC, Bayesian information criterion; DOY, day of year; ETc, crop evapotranspiration; ETo, reference crop evapotranspiration; ICC, intraclass correlation coefficient; LAR, least angle regression; LASSO, least squared shrinkage operator; RS, incident solar radiation; SSM-Wheat, Simple Simulation Modeling–Wheat; TKW, 1000-kernel weight; Tmax, maximum temperature; Tmin, minimum temperature; Ya, actual yield; YG, yield gap; Yw, water-limited yield. Published in Crop Sci. 59:333–350 (2019). doi: 10.2135/cropsci2018.04.0249 © Crop Science Society of America | 5585 Guilford Rd., Madison, WI 53711 USA This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Published December 20, 2018

Agronomic Practices for Reducing Wheat Yield Gaps: A Quantitative Appraisal of Progressive Producers

Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in southern Alberta on the Canadian Prairies has traditionally been grown on bare fallow. Recently, the improved winterhardy cultivar Norstar and improved management recommendations, such as seeding directly into stubble or into chemical fallow, have encouraged producers to adapt this crop to the colder climate of southern Saskatchewan. The objective of the experiments reported herein was to determine if the optimum time for seeding winter wheat on stubble and chemical fallow differed from that recommended for seeding on conventional fallow in southern Alberta (...)

Optimum Seeding Date for Winter Wheat in Southwestern Saskatchewan

Recommendations regarding seeding depth, rate and row spacing for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in the semiarid Canadian prairies have been extrapolated from those for the production of spring wheat in the region, or from information on winter wheat studies conducted in more humid areas of Saskatchewan. A factorial combination of two seeding depths (25- vs. 50-mm), two row spacing (18- vs. 36-cm) and two seeding rates (30 vs. 60 kg ha−1) was used to study plant establishment, grain yield and grain quality of winter wheat in the semiarid Brown soil zone. Three years of experiments were conducted on a Swinton silt loam near Swift Current, and on a Hatton fine sandy loam near Cantuar. Winter wheat was seeded directly into stubble at both sites and into chemically prepared fallow on the silt loam. On average, there was no significant difference (P < 0.05) due to planting depth. Deep planting reduced plant establishment and grain yield in only two of 11 site-years when humid conditions prevail...

Seeding depth, rate and row spacing for winter wheat grown on stubble and chemical fallow in the semiarid prairies

The most assured method of producing winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the semiarid Brown soil zone of the Canadian prairies is by seeding it directly into chemical fallow. This provides adequate soil moisture at seeding, protection from low winter temperatures and results in some build-up of available soil N. However, there is usually a need for additional P. Further, to ensure that adequate levels of grain protein are attained, winter wheat may require added N fertilizer. There is also some question regarding the most effective method and depth of fertilizer placement. Two 3-yr experiments, one during a relatively dry period and the other in a moist period, were conducted on a silt loam at Swift Current, Saskatchewan, to determine grain yield and protein response of winter wheat to rates of N, P and K and to P placement. Yield response to P rates occurred when available moisture was favourable and soil-test P was low to moderate Yield response to N rates occurred in 2 of the 3 yr tested. Here too, ...

Phosphorus and nitrogen rate and placement for winter wheat grown on chemical fallow in a Brown soil

On the Canadian prairies, in the warm, southern province of Alberta, winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has traditionally been grown on conventionally tilled fallow. Recent research into the adaptation of this crop to the colder regions of Saskatchewan has led to recommendations for direct seeding into stubble, or into chemically prepared fallow where vegetation is controlled with herbicides. A factorial combination of four zero-till drills differing in seed row openers, and three seeding rates was used to study plant establishment, grain yield and grain quality of winter wheat in the semiarid Brown soil zone of Saskatchewan. Three years of experiments for stubble-seeded winter wheat were carried out on: (a) a medium-textured soil (Aridic Haploboroll) at Swift Current; (b) a coarse-textured soil (Typic Haploboroll) at Cantuar; (c) a fine-textured soil (Vertic Haploboroll) at Stewart Valley. On all soils, wheat was direct-seeded into stubble. On the medium-textured soil, the experiments were also seeded into chemical fallow. All seed drills left sufficient stubble standing to aid snow trapping, thereby aiding winter survival and adequate plant stands. Greater numbers of plants were established on the chemical fallow plots because of greater soil water availability. Generally, the highest plant densities were obtained with the Versatile Noble 2000 hoe drill equipped with zero-till points; however, grain yields for this treatment were the lowest. We speculated that this was due to greater soil disturbance resulting in a greater rate of soil moisture loss by evaporation. The highest grain yields were obtained with the Swift Current zero-till offset disc drill followed by the Swift Current zero-till hoe (Thompson slim line knife), air seeder (Dutch banding knife), and Versatile Noble 2000 hoe drill (zero-till points). Plant density increased linearly with seeding rate from 40 to 80 kg ha−1. The highest yields of stubble-seeded wheat were obtained at the highest seeding rate in a wet year, but in a hot dry year the converse was true. On chemical fallow neither drill nor seed rates significantly influenced grain yields. Low seeding rates or low numbers of plants established led to delayed maturity, lower kernel test weight, and lower grain protein concentration at the silt loam site but not at the fine sandy loam site. Protein was not affected by type of drill. We concluded that all of the drills tested were suitable for seeding winter wheat on chemical fallow land. However, when seeding on stubble, seeding rate should be adjusted upward if using the air seeder. The Versatile Noble 2000 hoe drill with zero-till points caused too much soil disturbance when seeding stubble and was considered less suitable for seeding winter wheat in the Brown soil zone.

Evaluation of four zero-tillage drills equipped with different row openers for seeding winter wheat in the semi-arid prairies

Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in Saskatchewan has increased in recent years due to the introduction of Norstar, a winter hardy variety, and due to the reduction in winter injury when the crop is seeded directly into standing stubble (stubbling-in). Large variations in the amount and distribution of seasonal precipitation in the Brown soil zone may prove detrimental to the adoption of this system. If implemented, fertilizer recommendations will need to be developed to fit this cropping system. A 4-yr study was conducted at Swift Current, Saskatchewan on an orthic Brown Chernozemic silt loam soil to determine the effect of rate, season of application, and placement of urea-N on grain yields and protein concentration of stubbled-in winter wheat. Plant density was unaffected by N. In 1984–1985 and 1986–1987 adequate weather conditions from seeding to early spring resulted in acceptable plant stands, but in 1985–1986 suboptimal winter temperatures and in 1987–1988 severe drought during fall an...

Effect of rate, timing and placement of N fertilizer on stubbled-in winter wheat grown on a Brown Chernozem

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