Three dimensional modal model of wind induced flow in a sea region

Spectral Models in Continental Shelf Sea Oceanography

A three-dimensional numerical hydrodynamic model was used to study the tides and certain aspects of the wind-forced flow in Narragansett Bay. The governing equations are solved using the Galerkin-spectral method in the vertical and explicit finite differences in the horizontal and time. A split-mode formulation is used to minimize computational time. Simulations of the M 2 tide gave average errors of less than 2% in amplitude and 2° in phase when compared with observations at 12 tidal-height stations within the Bay. An investigation of the Bay's response to steady, spatially uniform wind forcing indicated that the non-linear interaction between the tidal and wind induced motions strongly affected the predicted steady state current pattern. Calculation of the steady-state wind-induced transports showed that a significant exchange exists between the West Passage, East Passage and Sakonnet River. The dependence of the exchange on the wind magnitude and direction and on the choice of vertical eddy viscosity was investigated. A comparison between modeled results and measurements of current at three locations in the Bay indicated that the model is capable of reproducing some of the features of the wind-induced flow.

Numerical simulations of the tidal- and wind-driven circulation in Narragansett Bay

A three dimensional model of the M2, S2, N2, K1 and O1 tides in the Celtic and Irish seas

This paper deals with an intercomparison of two three-dimensional hydrodynamic numerical models based upon very different approaches in the vertical. In the horizontal domain, both models use an identical grid, open boundary conditions, water depths and coastal topography and hence results of the comparison can truly be attributed to variations in the vertical. Moreover, since both models use σ-coordinates in the vertical, changes in topography are represented in a similar manner. A range of algebraic eddy viscosity profiles are used in the models, and the sensitivity of tidal current profiles to variations in this parameter are considered in detail. One model uses a functional or modal approach in the vertical and resolves the bottom boundary layer (a no slip condition is applied at the sea bed). The other model uses a finite difference grid in the vertical with a slip condition at the bed. The roughness height is derived from the Chezy coefficient used in depth averaged calculations. The advantages/disadvantages and the correspondence between the modal approach and the finite difference approach for the vertical are considered. The sensitivity of model results to changes in the representation of internal friction and bed friction are considered in detail by comparing model results with observations of M 2 tidal elevations and currents. The results show that both types of modelling approaches are capable to reproduce the water levels equally well. This also holds for the currents and the vertical current variation, although the current speeds tend to be overpredicted. The type of flow considered is modelled equally well with application of a slip condition and a no slip condition at the bed. Notwithstanding their conceptual differences, the behaviour of the models is very similar when compared with the measurements: the model results tend to be clustered. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.1994.t01-1-00008.x

An intercomparison of three-dimensional tidal hydrodynamic models of the Irish Sea

Comparison of the finite difference and Galerkin methods as applied to the solution of the hydrodynamic equations

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Comparison of the finite difference and Galerkin methods as applied to the solution of the hydrodynamic equations