Following the initial isolation and description in 1926 Listeria monocytogenes has been shown to be of world-wide prevalence and is associated with serious disease in a wide variety of animals, including man. Our knowledge of this bacterial pathogen and the various forms of listeriosis that it causes has until recently been extremely limited, but recent advances in taxonomy, isolation methods, bacterial typing, molecular biology and cell biology have extended our knowledge. It is an exquisitely adaptable environmental bacterium capable of existing both as an animal pathogen and plant saprophyte with a powerful array of regulated virulence factors. Most cases of listeriosis arise from the ingestion of contaminated food and in the UK the disease is particularly common in ruminants fed on silage. Although a number of forms of listeriosis are easily recognized, such as encephalitis, abortion and septicaemia, the epidemiological aspects and pathogenesis of infection in ruminants remain poorly understood. The invasion of peripheral nerve cells and rapid entry into the brain is postulated as a unique characteristic of its virulence, but relevant and practical disease models are still required to investigate this phenomenon. This review offers an up to date introduction to the organism with a description of virulence determinants, typing systems and a detailed account of listeriosis in animals. Experimental and field papers are reviewed and further sections deal with the diagnosis, treatment and control of listeriosis in animals. A final part gives an overview of listeriosis in man.

http://dzumenvis.nic.in/taxonomy/pdf/a review of listeria monocytogenes.pdf

A Review of Listeria monocytogenes and Listeriosis

Publisher Summary
This chapter discusses bacterial polysaccharides. The bacterial polysaccharides make up a group of polymers in which the structural variation is almost unlimited, and unusual sugars are often the components of these polymers. Some bacterial polysaccharides are commercially important and produced industrially. Most of the bacterial polysaccharides are antigenic and some are used as vaccines. A majority of the bacterial polysaccharides show high immunological specificity and are produced by only one type, one species, or one group of bacteria. These polysaccharides are generally composed of oligosaccharide repeating units. Other bacterial polysaccharides do not show this specificity but may be elaborated by bacteria belonging to different groups or families. In addition to the polysaccharides proper, bacteria also produce other polymers in which carbohydrates are main components. Also a considerable number of monosaccharides have been identified as the components of bacterial polysaccharides and the number is increasing. Bacterial classification is complicated and is frequently changed. Lastly, even if structures have been assigned to only a small number of the bacterial polysaccharides, it nevertheless seems possible to make some generalizations concerning the frequency of different structural elements.

5 – Bacterial Polysaccharides

http://www.jbc.org/content/269/1/169.full.pdf

Molecular characterization of hasA from an operon required for hyaluronic acid synthesis in group A streptococci.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of structural similarities between parasite and host in initiating pathological events, primarily through immunological reactions to the parasite affecting the host. It is a particularly promising approach to the study of rheumatic fever and the various connective tissue disorders and is summarized well by a pioneer in this field. In this connection, special emphasis is placed on the nature of the role this biological mimicry play in streptococcal infections and their nonsuppurative sequelae. Evidence for cross-reactions between host and parasite in other biological organisms is discussed primarily as they relate to similar observations in the Group A streptococcus and its host. Orientation to specific details of biological mimicry among bacteria or helminthes and the blood group substances, heterophile antigens, and tissue-specific antigens is obtained. The long association of this organism to the pathogenic infections of man and its relationship to the nonsuppurative sequelae following a streptococcal infection makes it an ideal model for the study of biological mimicry between host and parasite.

Mimetic Relationships Between Group A Streptococci And Mammalian Tissues

The β-glucosaminidase activity of egg-white lysozyme

A non-antigenic mucoid polysaccharide similar to that described by Kendall, Heidelberger, and Dawson was isolated from group C hemolytic streptococci. A simple method for its quantitative estimation is described. By means of this quantitative method, as well as by the direct isolation of the carbohydrates, the size and persistence of capsules in young cultures of various strains have been related to the non-antigenic mucoid polysaccharide. Similarly, invasiveness in different strains has been related to the mucoid polysaccharide. Data indicating the non-haptene nature of this material are presented. An autolytic process, accelerated by bile, is involved in the loss of capsular material from young streptococci.

/pdf/the-virulence-of-group-c-hemolytic-streptococci-of-animal-2e37jfbiyi.pdf

The virulence of group c hemolytic streptococci of animal origin.

A group of guinea pigs carrying a chronic streptococcus cervical lymphadenitis has been studied. The chronic disease may be transmitted with pure cultures of streptococci isolated from the naturally occurring abscesses. Its probable mode of transmission under natural conditions was shown to be the ingestion of the infective agent. The spontaneous appearance of an acutely fatal variant was observed. Infection with the chronic strains protected animals against the highly virulent strain. Such immunity could not be passively transferred to either mice or guinea pigs, nor could any opsonizing, precipitating, or bactericidal antibody be associated with it. The presence of allergy could not be correlated with this immunity. The dissociation of the chronic and acute strains was investigated and non-invasive phases isolated. No precipitin reaction attributable to an antigenic virulence factor could be demonstrated. No protection was obtained with vaccines or aggressins.

https://rupress.org/jem/article-pdf/70/4/347/1181773/347.pdf

Hemolytic streptococcus lymphadenitis in guinea pigs.

From meningitis in man, encephalitis in cattle and sheep, a myocardial infection in fowl, and a generalized infection in rabbits, different observers have isolated Gram-positive organisms which are closely related. Their cultural and serological properties are described. When injected intravenously into chickens, rabbits, or guinea pigs there is an unusual blood response, the monocytes being markedly increased. The organisms tend to localize in the myocardium with resulting necrosis.

/pdf/pathogenic-organisms-of-the-genus-listerella-5lnunlwt9d.pdf

Pathogenic organisms of the genus listerella.

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The virulence of group c hemolytic streptococci of animal origin.

Hemolytic streptococcus lymphadenitis in guinea pigs.

Pathogenic organisms of the genus listerella.